NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards
Brain and spinal cord
CNS
Includes cranial nerves (12), spinal nerves (31), autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
PNS
Fight or flight
Sympathetic
↓ peristaltic, relaxed bladder
Sympathetic
Everything is high excluding GI and GU
Sympathetic
Rest and digest
Parasympathetic
Everything is low
Parasympathetic
Controls everything (cognitive, behavior, motor, sensory)
BRAIN
How many cells has the brain?
more than 100 billion cells
basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system
NEURON
Composed of cell body, dendrites, axons
NEURON
Core section of the neuron (store genetic material – DNA)
CELL BODY
Gaps formed between the myelin sheath
Nodes of Ranvier
Contains nucleus and cytoplasm
CELL BODY
Made up of protein and fatty substance
Covers axon
Myelin sheath
Myelin sheath Function:
speeds up transmission of electrical impulses to cell body
Nodes of Ranvier Function:
speeds up transmission of electrical impulses to cell body
Schwann Cells Function:
structure, development, regeneration of peripheral
Cell that surrounds neurons
Schwann Cells
BRAIN; Accounts for approximately _____ of the total body weight
20%
Finger-like cells present on the end of a neuron and Receive information from axon terminals
DENDRITES
Transmits information away from the cell body to adjacent neurons
AXON
An average young adult, it weighs approximately
1400g
An average elderly person it weighs approximately
1200g
The brain is divided into three major areas:
cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem
Initiate reasoning, problem solving, judgment, thinking
CEREBRUM
Cerebrum: It makes up about _____ of the brain
80%
4 lobes of cerebrum
FTOP
Masses of nuclei located deep in the cerebral hemispheres
BASAL GANGLIA
Responsible for control of fine motor movements, of the hands and lower extremities
BASAL GANGLIA
Thick collection of nerve fibers that connects the two hemispheres of the brain
CORPUS CALLOSUM
Responsible for the transmission of information from one side of the brain to the
other
CORPUS CALLOSUM
Gray matter structure located near the center of the brain
THALAMUS
Acts primarily as a relay station for all sensation except smell
THALAMUS
Acts as your body’s smart control coordinating center
HYPOTHALAMUS
All memory, sensation, and pain impulses pass through this section of the brain
THALAMUS
Sleep/wake cycle, temperature, autonomic nervous system
HYPOTHALAMUS
Maintains balance, posture, coordination
CEREBELLUM
CEREBELLUM Located in:
posterior to the midbrain and pons, and below the occipital lobe
BRAINSTEM LOCATION:
The bottom part of the brain
Connects the rest of the brain to the spinal cord
BRAINSTEM
BRAINSTEM
Regulates heart rate, breathing, sleep and wake cycles, and swallowing
MIDBRAIN located?
topmost part of the brainstem
MEDULLA OBLONGATA CN:
IX (glossopharyngeal) and XII (hypoglossal)
Reflex center for respiration, blood pressure, heart rate, coughing, vomiting, swallowing, and sneezing
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
FOUR LOBES OF THE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE
FRONTAL LOBE
PARIETAL LOBE
OCCIPITAL LOBE
TEMPORAL LOBE
Largest lobe of the brain, located in the front of the head
FRONTAL LOBE
Major functions: concentration, abstract thought, information storage and motor function, decision-making and movement and recognition of smell
FRONTAL LOBE
It contains Broca’s which is critical for motor control
FRONTAL LOBE
Damage to Broca’s
expressive aphasia
Broca’s
motor control
Information stage
Sensory memory
Short-term memory/working
Long-term memory/permanent
what is expressive aphasia?
difficulty forming words
Serves as the center for auditory and visual reflexes
MIDBRAIN
Midbrain CN:
III (oculomotor) and IV (trochlear)
↑ ICP s/sx in compression CN III
Anisucuria = unequal pupil
Largest part of the brain stem
PONS
PONS CN:
V (trigeminal) and VIII (vestibulocochlear/ auditory/ acoustic)
anti-tubercular drug that damages CN VIII
Streptomycin
Portion of it help regulate respiration
PONS
Coordinates facial movements, hearing and balance
PONS
*Anti-tubercular drugs
a. Isoniazid = peripheral neuritis = take B6
b. Rifampin = red-orange urine
c. Pyrazinamide
d. Ethambutol = optic neuritis (Snellen chart and ishihara)
Terminal part of brainstem
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
Middle part of brain
PARIETAL LOBE
Involved in interpreting pain and touch in the body
PARIETAL LOBE
identify objects and understand spatial relationships – essential to a person’s awareness of body position in space, size, and shape discrimination, and right-left orientation
PARIETAL LOBE
Located posterior to the parietal lobe; back part of the brain
OCCIPITAL LOBE
Responsible for visual interpretation (vision)
OCCIPITAL LOBE
Damage to this area leads to Alexia
OCCIPITAL LOBE
inability of the person to rea
Alexia
Located at the sides of the brain
TEMPORAL LOBE
Involved in auditory reception, speech/language; plays a role in memory of sound and music
TEMPORAL LOBE
It houses Wernicke’s
TEMPORAL LOBE
What is the function of Wernicke’s?
helps the brain understand spoken language
Damage to Wernicke’s
Receptive Aphasia
What is Receptive Aphasia?
difficulty understanding others
Fibrous connective tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord, provide protection, support, and nourishment
MENINGES
Layers of the meninges
dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater
Outermost layer, It is though, thick, inelastic, fibrous, and gray.
Dura Mater
Dura Mater Function:
Allows blood to leave the brain
Middle membrane; an extremely thin, delicate membrane that closely resembles a spider web.
Arachnoid
Arachnoid Function:
production of CSF (choroid plexus)
It has cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the space below it, called the_________
subarachnoid space
This membrane has unique fingerlike projections, called __________________that absorb CSF into the venous system
subarachnoid villi
Innermost, thin, transparent layer that hugs the brain closely and extends into every fold of the brain’s surface
Pia Mater
Function: Allow for blood to enter brain
Pia Mater
A clear, colorless watery fluid that flows in and around the brain and spinal cord
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
CSF is primarily produced by the _______ which resides in the meninges
choroid plexus
Amount of CSF produced per day:
500mL
CSF: Acid base?
Alkaline
Cloudy CSF
infection (meningitis)
Bloody/ Reddish CSF
subarachnoid hemorrhage
↑CSF = ↑ICP=
cerebral edema
Normal CSF Glucose
50 – 80 mg/dL
*↓= infection (meningitis)
Normal CSF Protein
20 – 50
*↑ = infection (meningitis)
CSF Pressure
70 – 180 mmHg
Specific Gravity
1.007
↑ CVP =
FVE
↓ CVP =
FVD
↑ Specific gravity = FVD =
DHN
Normal CSF contains a minimal number of __________and no ______________.
white blood cells ; red blood cells
FVD s/sx
Decrease weight
Pale conjunctiva
↓BP, ↑HR, ↑RR
Poor skin turgor
Dry mucous membrane
initial sign of hypovolemic shock
RESTLESSNESS
30% of water on body is lost
Hypovolemia
↓BP =
↓Pulse pressure (systolic – diastolic)
The cranial nerves _______________to and from the brain
carry impulses
↑ICP =
hydrocephalus
narrow pulse pressure
(normal = 30-40)
Three sensory
I, II, VIII
Five – motor
III, IV, VI, XI, and XII
Olfactory
Sense of smell
Trochlear
Muscles that move the eye
Four – mixed sensory and motor
V, VII, IX, X
Visual acuity and visual fields
Optic
A nerve responsible for
Facial sensation, corneal reflex, mastication
Trigeminal
Compressed Oculomotor
anisucoria = unequal pupil
Muscles that moves the eye and lid, pupillary constriction
Oculomotor
Abducens
Muscles that move the eye
Longest = ↑ICP = dilated pupil
Facial
Facial expression and muscle movement, salivation and tearing, taste, sensation in the ear
Glossopharyngeal
Taste, sensation in pharynx and tongue, pharyngeal muscles, swallowing
Hearing and equilibrium
Vestibulocochlear/ Auditory/ Acoustic
Muscles of pharynx, larynx, and soft palate; sensation in external ear, pharynx, larynx, thoracic and abdominal viscera; parasympathetic innervation of thoracic and abdominal organs
Innervates gastrointestinal = causes vasovagal stimulation (bradycardia, syncope)
Vagus
Accessory
Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
Hypoglossal
Movement of the tongue
HIGH NOREPINEPHRINE
manic, high anxiety
How many cervical in Spinal nerves?
8
SPINAL NERVES consist of?
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
How many thoracic in Spinal nerves?
12
Component of the peripheral nervous system that regulates involuntary physiologic processes
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
o SYMPHATETIC
o PARASYMPHATETIC
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Thin and watery Secretion of salivary glands
PARASYMPATHETIC
Thick and viscid Secretion of salivary glands
SYMPATHETIC
Relaxed Urinary bladder
SYMPATHETIC
NOREPINEPHRINE
Usually excitatory; attention, alertness, focus
HIGH ACETYLCHOLINE
lacrimation (muta), salivation
LOW ACETYLCHOLINE
Multiple sclerosis, alzheimers
ACETYLCHOLINE
Usually excitatory; muscle contraction
HIGH SEROTONIN
↑ = manic
SEROTONIN
Inhibitory; helps control mood and sleep, anxiety, inhibits pain pathways
LOW NOREPINEPHRINE
depression
LOW SEROTONIN
↓ = depression
LOW DOPAMINE
↓ = Parkinsons, depression, inhibit pain
Usually inhibits, affects behavior (attention, emotions) and fine movement
DOPAMINE
HIGH DOPAMINE
↑ = Manic
ENDORPHIN
Excitatory; pleasurable sensation, inhibits pain