Respiratory System Flashcards
1
Q
Upper respiratory system
A
Nose and pharynx (throat)
2
Q
Lower respiratory system
A
Larynx(voice box), trachea(windpipe), bronchial tubes, and lungs
3
Q
External nose
A
Consists of bone and cartilage covered with skin and lined by mucous membrane
4
Q
Region just inside nostrils
A
Nasal vestibule lined with coarse hairs
5
Q
Floor of the internal nose
A
Hard palate
6
Q
Which forms the posterior portion of the roof of the mouth, is an arch-shaped muscular partition between the nasopharynx and oropharynx that is lined by mucous membrane
A
Soft palate
7
Q
Two openings in internal nose to pharynx
A
choanae
8
Q
Inside of the external and internal nose divided into left and right sides by
A
nasal septum, formed by vomer
9
Q
Type of cell lining nasal cavity
A
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells
10
Q
Functions of the nose
A
Warming, filtering, and moistening incoming air
Picking up olfactory stimuli (detecting odors)
Providing a resonating chamber for phonation
11
Q
Pharynx
A
Upper airway, 5 inch tube that extends from the choanae down to the junction of the larynx and esophagus
12
Q
Function of pharynx
A
Lined with mucous membrane
Serves as passageway for air and food
Functions as resonating chamber
13
Q
Three divisions of pharynx
A
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharyx
14
Q
Nasopharynx
A
Behind nose, four openings in wall(two from choanae, two from auditory tubes)
Lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epitheium
15
Q
Oropharynx
A
Behind mouth, one opening into it, the FAUCES from the mouth, contains palatine and lingual tonsils, functions BOTH as respiratory and digestive pathway
Lined with nonkeratinzed stratified squamous epithelium
16
Q
Laryngopharyx
A
Behind larynx, BOTH respiratory and digestive pathway
Lined with nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
17
Q
Larynx
A
Connects pharynx with trachea
18
Q
Lining of superior larynx to vocal fords
A
Nonkeratinzed stratified squamous epithelium
19
Q
Lining of larynx inferior vocal folds
A
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
20
Q
Thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple)
A
Cartilage of larynx, single large triangular piece of cartilage that forms the anterior wall
21
Q
Epiglottis
A
Single leaf shaped piece of cartilage that sits on TOP of larynx, during swallowing it closes of rima glottidis(space between the vocal folds)
22
Q
Cricoid cartilage
A
In larynx, single inferior piece of cartilage attached to trachea, used as landmark for tracheotomy
23
Q
Two folds formed by mucous membrane of the larynx
A
Superior ventricular folds and vocal folds
24
Q
False vocal dords
A
Ventricular folds
25
True vocal cords
Vocal folds
26
Laryngitis
Inflammation of the larynx
27
Vocal folds make higher pitched sound when
When pulled taut by various muscles and cartilages
28
Trachea
Tubular passageway about 5 inches in length and one inch in diameter
Anterior to the esophagus and extends from larynx to T5 where it divides into right and left main bronchi
29
Lining of trachea
Lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium and wall consists of smooth muscle, elastic connective tissue
30
How many rings of cartilage in trachea?
16 to 20
31
Connection by trachea to esophagus along c shaped rings
Trachealis muscle
32
Carina
Where the trachea divides into left and right main bronchi, internal ridge
One of the most sensitive areas to trigger a cough reflex
33
Widening and distortion of carina
Indicates carcinoma of the lymph nodes around region where trachea divides
34
Two methods to reestablish airflow if there is obstruction in trachea
Tracheotomy and endotracheal intubation
35
Tracheotomy
Longitudinal incision made into trachea below the cricoids cartilage
36
Divisions of respiratory passages from trachea
Lung (Main bronchus)
Lobes (Lobar bronchus)
Bronchopulmonary segments (Segmental or tertiary bronchi)
Bronchioles
Lobules (Terminal bronchioles)
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar saccules
Pulmonary alveoli (air sacs)
37
Three MICROscopic respiratory passageways
Alveolar ducts, alveolar saccules, Pulmonary alveoli
38
The continuous branching from the main bronchi through the terminal bronchioles forms an extensive tree called
Bronchial tree
39
X ray of bronchial tree
Bronchogram
40
Serous membrane covering lung
Pleura
41
Lining of chest wall
Parietal layer
42
Layer covering the lung
Visceral layer
43
Space between the parietal layer and visceral layer
Pleural cavity
44
Inflammation of the pleural
Pleurisy (pleuritis) Rubbing of two layers together
45
Narrow superior part of lung
Apex
46
Broad inferior portion of lung
Base
47
Surface of lung that faces the heart
Mediastinal (medial) surface
48
On meastinal (medial surface), region through which bronchi, blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves pass through
Hilum
49
Structures that pass through the hilum and are wrapped in connective tissue
root of the lung
50
Left lung medial concavity where the heart lies
Cardiac notch
51
External surface of lung is divided into lobes by
Fissures (slits)
52
Both lungs are divided by a
Oblique fissure
53
What lung has an additional horizontal fissure
Right lung
54
What is each lobe supplied by
lobar bronchus
55
The lungs contain how many pulmonary alveoli
300 million
70 meters
56
Walls of pulmonary alveolus contain what three cells
Pneumocyte type I cell
Pneumocyte type II cell
Alveolar macrophage
57
Pneumocyte type I cell
Simple squamous epithelial cell, make up 95% of pulmonary alveolar wall, main site of gas exchange
58
Pneumocyte type II cell
Rounded or cuboidal cells found between pneumocyte type I cells, secrete surfactant which prevents pulmonary alveoli from collapsing
59
Alveolar macrophages
remove fine dust particles and other debris from the pulmonary alveoli
60
The exchange of oxygen and CO2 occurs by diffusion through a membrane formed by the pneumocyte type I cells of the wall of a pulmonary alveolus and the surrounding wall of a blood capillary form what
Respiratory membrane
61
Pulmonary embolism
blood clot in the pulmonary arterial system that can result in lung dysfunction and death
62
Main bronchus supplies the
entire lung
63
Lobar bronchus supplies
lobe of the lung
64
Segmental bronchus supplies a
Bronchopulomary segment
65
Terminal bronchiole supplies a
Lobule of a lung, last of the macroscopic tubes
66
Alveolar ducts(micro) supply
pulomanary alveoli
67
Average rate of respiration
14-18
68
Respiration is defined as
one inhalation followed by one exhalation
69
Minute ventilation (MV)
Total volume of air inhaled and exhaled per minute calculated by multiplying respiratory rate by tidal volume
Average 6 liter/minute
70
Pulmonary ventilation
process by which respiratory gases are exchanged between atmosphere and lungs (Inhalation and exhalation)
Partial pressures
71
Eupnea
Normal quiet breathing
72
Two types of eupnea
Costal and diaphragmatic
73
Costal breathing (chest or shallow)
Primary muscles involved are the external intercostals
74
Diaphragmatic breathing (abdominal or deep)
Primary muscle used is diaphragm
75
Atelectasis
collapsed lung or portion of lung
76
Factor that prevents collapse of pulmonary alveoli
Surfactant
77
Deficiency of surfactant in an infant
Infant respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
78
Apparatus to measure respirations
Respirometer
79
Record of respirations
Spirogram
80
Amount of air moved during normal quiet breathing
500mL
81
How much air remains in nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes
150mL
82
Anatomic dead space
Volume of air that does not participate in gaseous exchange
83
Inspiratory reserve volume
3000mL
Volume of air that can be forcibly inhaled above tidal volume
84
Expiratory reserve volume
1200 mL
Volume of air that be forcibly exhaled over and above tidal volume
85
Residual volume
1200mL
Volume of air remaining in lungs after forcible exhalation
86
Minimal volume
Volume left after chest cavity is opened
87
Serves as medical and legal tool to determine if an infant was still born or took one breath
Minimal volume
88
Capacity
Adding together various volumes
89
Inspiratory capacity
Sum of tidal volume and inspiratory reserve capacity
3600mL
90
Functional residual capacity
sum of residual volume and expiratory reserve volume
2400mL
91
Vital capacity
Sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume
4800mL
92
Total lung capacity
sum of all volumes
93
Charles' Law
volume of gas is directly related to temperature
94
Temperature increases, volume _______
Increases
95
Dalton's Law
each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure called partial pressure and behaves as if no other gases are present
96
Percentage of N in air
78.6%
97
Percentage of O2 in air
21%
98
Percentage of CO2 in air
0.04%
99
Nitrogen narcosis
Excessive amounts of nitrogen with symptoms similar to ETOH intox
"Rapture of the deep"
100
Decompression sickness
Diver surfacing too quickly casing nitrogen to form gas bubbles in tissue
Joint pain in limbs, paralysis, unconsciousness
101
External respiration
exchange of respiratory gases, by diffusion, between the pulmonary blood through the respiratory membrane
Deoxygenated blood to oxygenated blood
102
Why does external respiration occur?
Because of the differences in between partial pressures
103
PP of pulmonary alveolar air P02 and P02 of deoxygenated blood
105mmHg and 40mmHg
104
PCO2 of pulmonary deoxygenated blood and pulmonary aleveolar air
45mmHg and 40 mmHg
105
Thickness of respiratory membrane
0.5 micrometers
106
mL of blood in lungs at rest
900mL
107
Pulmonary disorders
any disease that decreases the functional surface area of the respiratory membrane
Ex. Emphysema and pneumonia
108
Internal respiration
Exchange of respiratory gases between systemic blood and tissue cells
Also conversion of oxygenated blood into deoxygenated blood
109
P02 of systemic oxygenated blood and tissue cells
105 and 40
110
PCO2 of tissue cells and systemic oxygenated blood
45 and 40
111
Abdominal thrust maneuver
First aid procedure designed to clear the airway of obstructing objects
112
Asphyxia
Oxygen starvation due to low atmospheric oxygen or interference with ventilation, external respiration, internal respiration
113
Aspiration
Inhalation of a foreign substance such as water, food, or foreign body into bronchial tree
114
Black lung disease
A condition where lungs appear black instead of pink due to inhalation of coal dust over a period of many years
115
Bronchiectasis
A chronic dilation of the bronchi or bronchioles resulting from damage to bronchial wall, ex resp. infections
116
Bronchoscopy
Visual examination of the bronchi through a bronchoscope
117
Cheyne-stokes respirations
Repeated cycle of irregular breathing that begins with shallow breaths that increase in depth and rapidity and then decrease and cease altogether for 15 to 20 seconds
Normal in infants
Seen before death in pulmonary cerebral cardiac and kidney disease
118
Dyspnea
Painful or labored breathing
119
Epistaxis
Nose bleed
120
Hypoventilation
Slow and shallow breathing
121
Respiratory failure
Respiratory system cannot supply efficient O2 to maintain metabolism or cannot eliminate enough CO2 to prevent respiratory acidosis
122
Rhinitis
Chronic or acute inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose due to viruses, bacteria or irritants. Excessive mucus production produces runny nose, nasal congestion, postnasal drip
123
Sleep apnea
Person repeatedly stops breathing for 10 seconds or more while sleeping, occurs because loss of muscle tone in pharyngeal muscles allow airway to collapse
124
Sputum
Mucus and other fluids from air passages that is expectorated(expelled by coughing)
125
Strep throat
Inflammation of the pharynx caused by bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes, may involve tonsils and middle ear
126
Tachypnea
Rapid breathing rate
127
Wheeze
A whistling, squeaking, or musical high pitched sound during breathing from a partially obstructed airway
128
How many more times does CO bind to hemoglobin
200x
129
Three ways 20 ml of O2 is carried
0.3 mL Blood plasma
19.7 mL combined with hemoglobin
Reduced hemoglobin + O2 yields oxyhemoglobin
130
How many mL of CO2 in 10 mL of deoxygenated blood
4 mL
131
Percentages of CO2 in in deoxygenated blood
7% blood plasma
23% hemoglobin carbaminohemoglobin
70% bicarbonate ions breaking down into H+ and HCO3-
132
Hypoventilation leads to
Acidosis
133
2 items make up the respiratory center
Medullary Respiratory Center (MRC)
Pontine Respiratory Group (PRG)
134
What makes up Medullary Respiratory Center (MRC)
Dorsal respiratory group (DRG) and Ventral respiratory group (VRG)
135
Conscious breathing occurs because of the
Cerebral cortex
136
Baroreceptors
Neurons in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles that become activated by stretching
137
Inflation reflex (Hering-Brueaur)
When lungs are overinflated the baroreceptors send nerve impulses to the DRG that inhibit the DRG. As a result, the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax and exhalation occurs. In response the baroreceptors are no longer stimulated, the DRG is no longer inhibited, and a new inhalation begins
Reflex prevents excess inflation of the lungs
138
In the medulla, groups of receptor neurons that are responsive to changes in CO2(H+) and O2 levels
Central chemosenstive area and peripheral chemoreceptors
139
Normal blood PC02
40mmHg
140
PCO2 above 40mmHg
Hypercapnia
141
Pontine Respiratory Group (PRG)
Sends impulses to modify breathing to Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)
142
Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)
Sets basic rhythm of breathing and controls forceful breathing to Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)
143
Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)
Sends impulses to diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract to allow normal quiet breathing
