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a&p1 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Upper respiratory system

A

Nose and pharynx (throat)

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2
Q

Lower respiratory system

A

Larynx(voice box), trachea(windpipe), bronchial tubes, and lungs

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3
Q

External nose

A

Consists of bone and cartilage covered with skin and lined by mucous membrane

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4
Q

Region just inside nostrils

A

Nasal vestibule lined with coarse hairs

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5
Q

Floor of the internal nose

A

Hard palate

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6
Q

Which forms the posterior portion of the roof of the mouth, is an arch-shaped muscular partition between the nasopharynx and oropharynx that is lined by mucous membrane

A

Soft palate

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7
Q

Two openings in internal nose to pharynx

A

choanae

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8
Q

Inside of the external and internal nose divided into left and right sides by

A

nasal septum, formed by vomer

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9
Q

Type of cell lining nasal cavity

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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10
Q

Functions of the nose

A

Warming, filtering, and moistening incoming air
Picking up olfactory stimuli (detecting odors)
Providing a resonating chamber for phonation

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11
Q

Pharynx

A

Upper airway, 5 inch tube that extends from the choanae down to the junction of the larynx and esophagus

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12
Q

Function of pharynx

A

Lined with mucous membrane
Serves as passageway for air and food
Functions as resonating chamber

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13
Q

Three divisions of pharynx

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharyx

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14
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Behind nose, four openings in wall(two from choanae, two from auditory tubes)
Lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epitheium

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15
Q

Oropharynx

A

Behind mouth, one opening into it, the FAUCES from the mouth, contains palatine and lingual tonsils, functions BOTH as respiratory and digestive pathway
Lined with nonkeratinzed stratified squamous epithelium

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16
Q

Laryngopharyx

A

Behind larynx, BOTH respiratory and digestive pathway
Lined with nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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17
Q

Larynx

A

Connects pharynx with trachea

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18
Q

Lining of superior larynx to vocal fords

A

Nonkeratinzed stratified squamous epithelium

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19
Q

Lining of larynx inferior vocal folds

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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20
Q

Thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple)

A

Cartilage of larynx, single large triangular piece of cartilage that forms the anterior wall

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21
Q

Epiglottis

A

Single leaf shaped piece of cartilage that sits on TOP of larynx, during swallowing it closes of rima glottidis(space between the vocal folds)

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22
Q

Cricoid cartilage

A

In larynx, single inferior piece of cartilage attached to trachea, used as landmark for tracheotomy

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23
Q

Two folds formed by mucous membrane of the larynx

A

Superior ventricular folds and vocal folds

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24
Q

False vocal dords

A

Ventricular folds

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25
Q

True vocal cords

A

Vocal folds

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26
Q

Laryngitis

A

Inflammation of the larynx

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27
Q

Vocal folds make higher pitched sound when

A

When pulled taut by various muscles and cartilages

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28
Q

Trachea

A

Tubular passageway about 5 inches in length and one inch in diameter
Anterior to the esophagus and extends from larynx to T5 where it divides into right and left main bronchi

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29
Q

Lining of trachea

A

Lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium and wall consists of smooth muscle, elastic connective tissue

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30
Q

How many rings of cartilage in trachea?

A

16 to 20

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31
Q

Connection by trachea to esophagus along c shaped rings

A

Trachealis muscle

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32
Q

Carina

A

Where the trachea divides into left and right main bronchi, internal ridge
One of the most sensitive areas to trigger a cough reflex

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33
Q

Widening and distortion of carina

A

Indicates carcinoma of the lymph nodes around region where trachea divides

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34
Q

Two methods to reestablish airflow if there is obstruction in trachea

A

Tracheotomy and endotracheal intubation

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35
Q

Tracheotomy

A

Longitudinal incision made into trachea below the cricoids cartilage

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36
Q

Divisions of respiratory passages from trachea

A

Lung (Main bronchus)
Lobes (Lobar bronchus)
Bronchopulmonary segments (Segmental or tertiary bronchi)
Bronchioles
Lobules (Terminal bronchioles)
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar saccules
Pulmonary alveoli (air sacs)

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37
Q

Three MICROscopic respiratory passageways

A

Alveolar ducts, alveolar saccules, Pulmonary alveoli

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38
Q

The continuous branching from the main bronchi through the terminal bronchioles forms an extensive tree called

A

Bronchial tree

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39
Q

X ray of bronchial tree

A

Bronchogram

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40
Q

Serous membrane covering lung

A

Pleura

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41
Q

Lining of chest wall

A

Parietal layer

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42
Q

Layer covering the lung

A

Visceral layer

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43
Q

Space between the parietal layer and visceral layer

A

Pleural cavity

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44
Q

Inflammation of the pleural

A

Pleurisy (pleuritis) Rubbing of two layers together

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45
Q

Narrow superior part of lung

A

Apex

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46
Q

Broad inferior portion of lung

A

Base

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47
Q

Surface of lung that faces the heart

A

Mediastinal (medial) surface

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48
Q

On meastinal (medial surface), region through which bronchi, blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves pass through

A

Hilum

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49
Q

Structures that pass through the hilum and are wrapped in connective tissue

A

root of the lung

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50
Q

Left lung medial concavity where the heart lies

A

Cardiac notch

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51
Q

External surface of lung is divided into lobes by

A

Fissures (slits)

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52
Q

Both lungs are divided by a

A

Oblique fissure

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53
Q

What lung has an additional horizontal fissure

A

Right lung

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54
Q

What is each lobe supplied by

A

lobar bronchus

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55
Q

The lungs contain how many pulmonary alveoli

A

300 million
70 meters

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56
Q

Walls of pulmonary alveolus contain what three cells

A

Pneumocyte type I cell
Pneumocyte type II cell
Alveolar macrophage

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57
Q

Pneumocyte type I cell

A

Simple squamous epithelial cell, make up 95% of pulmonary alveolar wall, main site of gas exchange

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58
Q

Pneumocyte type II cell

A

Rounded or cuboidal cells found between pneumocyte type I cells, secrete surfactant which prevents pulmonary alveoli from collapsing

59
Q

Alveolar macrophages

A

remove fine dust particles and other debris from the pulmonary alveoli

60
Q

The exchange of oxygen and CO2 occurs by diffusion through a membrane formed by the pneumocyte type I cells of the wall of a pulmonary alveolus and the surrounding wall of a blood capillary form what

A

Respiratory membrane

61
Q

Pulmonary embolism

A

blood clot in the pulmonary arterial system that can result in lung dysfunction and death

62
Q

Main bronchus supplies the

A

entire lung

63
Q

Lobar bronchus supplies

A

lobe of the lung

64
Q

Segmental bronchus supplies a

A

Bronchopulomary segment

65
Q

Terminal bronchiole supplies a

A

Lobule of a lung, last of the macroscopic tubes

66
Q

Alveolar ducts(micro) supply

A

pulomanary alveoli

67
Q

Average rate of respiration

A

14-18

68
Q

Respiration is defined as

A

one inhalation followed by one exhalation

69
Q

Minute ventilation (MV)

A

Total volume of air inhaled and exhaled per minute calculated by multiplying respiratory rate by tidal volume
Average 6 liter/minute

70
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

process by which respiratory gases are exchanged between atmosphere and lungs (Inhalation and exhalation)
Partial pressures

71
Q

Eupnea

A

Normal quiet breathing

72
Q

Two types of eupnea

A

Costal and diaphragmatic

73
Q

Costal breathing (chest or shallow)

A

Primary muscles involved are the external intercostals

74
Q

Diaphragmatic breathing (abdominal or deep)

A

Primary muscle used is diaphragm

75
Q

Atelectasis

A

collapsed lung or portion of lung

76
Q

Factor that prevents collapse of pulmonary alveoli

A

Surfactant

77
Q

Deficiency of surfactant in an infant

A

Infant respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)

78
Q

Apparatus to measure respirations

A

Respirometer

79
Q

Record of respirations

A

Spirogram

80
Q

Amount of air moved during normal quiet breathing

A

500mL

81
Q

How much air remains in nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes

A

150mL

82
Q

Anatomic dead space

A

Volume of air that does not participate in gaseous exchange

83
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

3000mL
Volume of air that can be forcibly inhaled above tidal volume

84
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

1200 mL
Volume of air that be forcibly exhaled over and above tidal volume

85
Q

Residual volume

A

1200mL
Volume of air remaining in lungs after forcible exhalation

86
Q

Minimal volume

A

Volume left after chest cavity is opened

87
Q

Serves as medical and legal tool to determine if an infant was still born or took one breath

A

Minimal volume

88
Q

Capacity

A

Adding together various volumes

89
Q

Inspiratory capacity

A

Sum of tidal volume and inspiratory reserve capacity
3600mL

90
Q

Functional residual capacity

A

sum of residual volume and expiratory reserve volume
2400mL

91
Q

Vital capacity

A

Sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume
4800mL

92
Q

Total lung capacity

A

sum of all volumes

93
Q

Charles’ Law

A

volume of gas is directly related to temperature

94
Q

Temperature increases, volume _______

A

Increases

95
Q

Dalton’s Law

A

each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure called partial pressure and behaves as if no other gases are present

96
Q

Percentage of N in air

A

78.6%

97
Q

Percentage of O2 in air

A

21%

98
Q

Percentage of CO2 in air

A

0.04%

99
Q

Nitrogen narcosis

A

Excessive amounts of nitrogen with symptoms similar to ETOH intox
“Rapture of the deep”

100
Q

Decompression sickness

A

Diver surfacing too quickly casing nitrogen to form gas bubbles in tissue
Joint pain in limbs, paralysis, unconsciousness

101
Q

External respiration

A

exchange of respiratory gases, by diffusion, between the pulmonary blood through the respiratory membrane
Deoxygenated blood to oxygenated blood

102
Q

Why does external respiration occur?

A

Because of the differences in between partial pressures

103
Q

PP of pulmonary alveolar air P02 and P02 of deoxygenated blood

A

105mmHg and 40mmHg

104
Q

PCO2 of pulmonary deoxygenated blood and pulmonary aleveolar air

A

45mmHg and 40 mmHg

105
Q

Thickness of respiratory membrane

A

0.5 micrometers

106
Q

mL of blood in lungs at rest

A

900mL

107
Q

Pulmonary disorders

A

any disease that decreases the functional surface area of the respiratory membrane
Ex. Emphysema and pneumonia

108
Q

Internal respiration

A

Exchange of respiratory gases between systemic blood and tissue cells
Also conversion of oxygenated blood into deoxygenated blood

109
Q

P02 of systemic oxygenated blood and tissue cells

A

105 and 40

110
Q

PCO2 of tissue cells and systemic oxygenated blood

A

45 and 40

111
Q

Abdominal thrust maneuver

A

First aid procedure designed to clear the airway of obstructing objects

112
Q

Asphyxia

A

Oxygen starvation due to low atmospheric oxygen or interference with ventilation, external respiration, internal respiration

113
Q

Aspiration

A

Inhalation of a foreign substance such as water, food, or foreign body into bronchial tree

114
Q

Black lung disease

A

A condition where lungs appear black instead of pink due to inhalation of coal dust over a period of many years

115
Q

Bronchiectasis

A

A chronic dilation of the bronchi or bronchioles resulting from damage to bronchial wall, ex resp. infections

116
Q

Bronchoscopy

A

Visual examination of the bronchi through a bronchoscope

117
Q

Cheyne-stokes respirations

A

Repeated cycle of irregular breathing that begins with shallow breaths that increase in depth and rapidity and then decrease and cease altogether for 15 to 20 seconds
Normal in infants
Seen before death in pulmonary cerebral cardiac and kidney disease

118
Q

Dyspnea

A

Painful or labored breathing

119
Q

Epistaxis

A

Nose bleed

120
Q

Hypoventilation

A

Slow and shallow breathing

121
Q

Respiratory failure

A

Respiratory system cannot supply efficient O2 to maintain metabolism or cannot eliminate enough CO2 to prevent respiratory acidosis

122
Q

Rhinitis

A

Chronic or acute inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose due to viruses, bacteria or irritants. Excessive mucus production produces runny nose, nasal congestion, postnasal drip

123
Q

Sleep apnea

A

Person repeatedly stops breathing for 10 seconds or more while sleeping, occurs because loss of muscle tone in pharyngeal muscles allow airway to collapse

124
Q

Sputum

A

Mucus and other fluids from air passages that is expectorated(expelled by coughing)

125
Q

Strep throat

A

Inflammation of the pharynx caused by bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes, may involve tonsils and middle ear

126
Q

Tachypnea

A

Rapid breathing rate

127
Q

Wheeze

A

A whistling, squeaking, or musical high pitched sound during breathing from a partially obstructed airway

128
Q

How many more times does CO bind to hemoglobin

A

200x

129
Q

Three ways 20 ml of O2 is carried

A

0.3 mL Blood plasma
19.7 mL combined with hemoglobin
Reduced hemoglobin + O2 yields oxyhemoglobin

130
Q

How many mL of CO2 in 10 mL of deoxygenated blood

A

4 mL

131
Q

Percentages of CO2 in in deoxygenated blood

A

7% blood plasma
23% hemoglobin carbaminohemoglobin
70% bicarbonate ions breaking down into H+ and HCO3-

132
Q

Hypoventilation leads to

A

Acidosis

133
Q

2 items make up the respiratory center

A

Medullary Respiratory Center (MRC)
Pontine Respiratory Group (PRG)

134
Q

What makes up Medullary Respiratory Center (MRC)

A

Dorsal respiratory group (DRG) and Ventral respiratory group (VRG)

135
Q

Conscious breathing occurs because of the

A

Cerebral cortex

136
Q

Baroreceptors

A

Neurons in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles that become activated by stretching

137
Q

Inflation reflex (Hering-Brueaur)

A

When lungs are overinflated the baroreceptors send nerve impulses to the DRG that inhibit the DRG. As a result, the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax and exhalation occurs. In response the baroreceptors are no longer stimulated, the DRG is no longer inhibited, and a new inhalation begins
Reflex prevents excess inflation of the lungs

138
Q

In the medulla, groups of receptor neurons that are responsive to changes in CO2(H+) and O2 levels

A

Central chemosenstive area and peripheral chemoreceptors

139
Q

Normal blood PC02

A

40mmHg

140
Q

PCO2 above 40mmHg

A

Hypercapnia

141
Q

Pontine Respiratory Group (PRG)

A

Sends impulses to modify breathing to Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)

142
Q

Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)

A

Sets basic rhythm of breathing and controls forceful breathing to Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)

143
Q

Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)

A

Sends impulses to diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract to allow normal quiet breathing

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