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A&P1 > Cardiac > Flashcards

Cardiac Flashcards

1
Q

Acute normovolemic hemodilution

A

Removal of blood immediately before surgery and its replacement with a cell free solution to maintain sufficient blood volume for circulation, once bleeding has been controlled after surgery blood is returned

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2
Q

Autologous preoperative transfusion

A

Donating ones own blood, 6 weeks before elective surgery (Predonation)

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3
Q

Blood bank

A

Facility that collects and stores a supply of blood for future use by donors and others

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4
Q

Cyanosis

A

Slightly blueish dark purple skin discoloration, most easily seen in the nail beds and mucous membranes due to an increased quantity of hemoglobin not combined with oxygen

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5
Q

Gamma globulin

A

Solution of immunoglobulins from blood consisting of antibodies that react with specific pathogens such as viruses.
Virus injected into animals removing blood from animals with antibodies, isolating antibodies, injected into humans for short term immunity

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6
Q

Hemochromatosis

A

Disorder of iron metabolism characterized by excessive absorption of ingested iron and excess deposit of iron in tissues
Bronze discoloration of the skin, cirrhosis, diabetes, bone and joint abnormalities

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7
Q

Hemorrhage

A

Loss of a large amount of blood

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8
Q

Jaundice

A

Abnormal yellowish discoloration of the sclerae of the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes due to excess billirubin in the blood

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9
Q

Phlebotomist

A

A technician who specializes in withdrawing blood

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10
Q

Septicemia

A

Toxins or disease causing bacteria in the blood
Blood poisoning

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11
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

Very low platelet count that results in a tendency to bleed from capillaries

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12
Q

Venesection

A

Opening of a vein for blood withdrawal

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13
Q

Whole blood

A

Blood containing all formed elements, blood plasma, and plasma solutes in natural concentrations

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14
Q

Asystole

A

Failure of the myocardium to contract

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15
Q

Cardiac arrest

A

Cessation of an effective heartbeat, the heart may be completely stopped or in ventricular fibrillation

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16
Q

Cardiac rehabilitation

A

A supervised program of progressive exercise, psychological support, education, and training to enable a patient to resume normal activities following MI

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17
Q

Cardiomegaly

A

Heart enlargement

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18
Q

Cardiomyopathy

A

A progressive disorder in which ventricular structure or function is impaired

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19
Q

Commotio cordis

A

Damage to the heart, normally fatal, as a result of a sharp nonpenetrating blow to the chest while the ventricles are polarizing

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20
Q

Cor pulmonale

A

A term referring to right ventricular hypertrophy from disorders that bring about HTN in pulmonary circulation

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21
Q

Ejection fraction

A

The fraction of the end diastolic that is ejected during an average heartbeat equal to stroke volume divided by EDV

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22
Q

Electrophysiological testing

A

A procedure in which a catheter with an electrode is passed through blood vessels and introduced into the heart. It is used to detect the exact location of abnormal electrical conduction pathways. Once an abnormal pathway is located, it can be destroyed by sending a current through the electrode, a procedure called radiofrequency ablation

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23
Q

Palpitation

A

A fluttering of the heart or an abnormal rate or rhythm of the heart about which an individual is aware

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24
Q

Paroxysmal tachycardia

A

A period of rapid heartbeats that begins and ends suddenly

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25
Q

Sick sinus syndrome

A

An abnormally functioning SA node that initiates heartbeats too slowly or rapidly, pauses too long between heartbeats, or stops producing beats. Symptoms include lightheadedness, SOB, LOC, and palpitations. Degeneration of cells in the SA node and is common in elderly persons, related to coronary artyery disease, Pacemaker to fix

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26
Q

Sudden cardiac death

A

The unexpected cessation of circulation and breathing due to an underlying heart disease such as ischemia, MI, disturbance in cardiac rhythm

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27
Q

Aneurysm

A

A thin weakened section of the wall of an artery or vein that bulges outward forming a balloonlike sac

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28
Q

Aortography

A

Xray examination of the aorta and its main branches after injecting dye

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29
Q

Carotid endarterectomy

A

Removal of atherosclerotic plaque from the carotid arty to respire greater blood flow to the brain

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30
Q

Claudication

A

Pain and lameness or limping caused by defective circulation of the blood in the vessel of the LIMBS

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31
Q

Deep Vein thrombosis DVT

A

Presence of a thrombus(blood clot) in a deep vein of the lower limbs. It may lead to pulmonary embolism, if it dislodges

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32
Q

Doppler ultrasound scanning

A

Imaging technique used to measure blood flow

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33
Q

Femoral angiography

A

Imaging technique with a contrast medium is injected into the femoral artery and spreads to other arteries in lower limb, narrowing or blockage of arteries

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34
Q

Occlusion

A

Closure or obstruction of the lumen of a structure such as blood vessel

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35
Q

Phlebitis

A

Inflammation of a vein often in leg

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36
Q

Thrombectomy

A

Operation to remove a blood clot from a blood vessel

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37
Q

Thrombophlebitis

A

Inflammation of a vein involving clot formation

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38
Q

Venipuncture

A

Puncture of a vein to withdraw blood or introduce a solution

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39
Q

% Blood plasma / % formed cells

A

55/45

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40
Q

Formed elements in blood

A

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

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41
Q

Two types of leukocytes

A

Granular and agranular

42
Q

Granular leukocytes

A

Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

43
Q

Agranular leukocytes

A

T and B lymphocytes, natural killer cells, monocytes

44
Q

Hemopoisesis

A

process by which blood cells are producted

45
Q

Eruthrocytes

A

RBCs

46
Q

In red bone marrow where all blood cells develop

A

Multipotent stem cells

47
Q

What develops from multipotent stemcells

A

Myeloid stem cells and Lymphoid stem cells

48
Q

Hemoglobin composition

A

Globin and heme

49
Q

What transports iron (O2 and CO2)

A

Heme

50
Q

Red bone marrow is found in

A

Cranium, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, humerus, and femur

51
Q

Polycythemia

A

Increase in nymber of RBCs

52
Q

Anemia

A

Below normal RBC count
Lack of Heme, globin, or B12

53
Q

Pernicious anemia

A

Lack of intrinsic factor

54
Q

Active phagocytes(2)

A

Neutrophils and monocytes

55
Q

What leaves the blood and enters tissues to phagocitize?

A

Monocytes

56
Q

Produces antihistamines that combat irritants

A

Eosinophils

57
Q

Leaves blood capillaires and eleases heparin and histamine that comabts allergens and intensifies inflammatory response

A

Basophils like mast cells

58
Q

Antigen

A

Foreign chemical

59
Q

White blood cell count percentages
Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils

A

60-70
20-25
3-8
2-4
0.5-1

60
Q

Leukocytosis

A

Increase above 10,000 WBC

61
Q

Leucopenia

A

Decrease below 5,000

62
Q

Hemostasis

A

Stoppage of bleeding with three mechanisms

63
Q

Three mechanisms of stopping bleeding

A

Vascular Spasm, Platelet plug formation, Blood coagulation

64
Q

Thrombosis

A

Clotting in unbroken blood vessel

65
Q

Thrombus

A

Nonmoving clot

66
Q

Embolus

A

Moving clot, bubble of air, or fat from broken bone

67
Q

Type of blood that lacks antigens

A

O

68
Q

Universal donor

A

Type O

69
Q

Universal recipient type

A

Type AB

70
Q

Loose fitting membrane that encloses the heart as well as consisting of two parts

A

Pericardium
Outer fibrous pericardium and inner serous pericardium

71
Q

Two layers of serous pericardium

A

Parietal layer and visceral layer

72
Q

Epicardium

A

Visceral layer of the serous pericardium

73
Q

Space between the parietal layer and visceral layer of the serous pericardium

A

Pericardial cavity

74
Q

Pericarditis

A

Inflammation of the pericardium

75
Q

Layers of heart wall from superficial to deep

A

Epicardium, Myoardium, endocardium

76
Q

Inflammation of the heart wall superficial to deep

A

Epiarditis, myocarditis, endocarditis

77
Q

Interatrial septum

A

Partition between the atria

78
Q

Fossa ovalis

A

Remnant of the foramen ovale in fetal heart

79
Q

Interventricular septum

A

Partition between the two ventricles

80
Q

Sulci

A

Grooves on surface of heart

81
Q

Coronary sulcus

A

Encircles heart and marks the external boundary between the atria and ventricles

82
Q

Anterior interventricular sulcus

A

Anterior aspect
Marks the boundary between the right and left ventricle

83
Q

Posterior interventricular sulcus

A

Posterior aspect
Marks the boundary between the right and left ventricle

84
Q

Valves are designed to

A

Prevent backflow

85
Q

Phases of cardiac cycle

A

Atrial systole(Contraction), ventricular diastole(relaxation), ventricular systole(contraction), atrial diastole(relaxation)

86
Q

Cardiac reserve

A

Difference between a persons max cardiac output and resting cardiac output

87
Q

Directions of arteries

A

Carry blood away

88
Q

Naming Size Large to small of arteries

A

Arteries, Arterioles, Capillaries

89
Q

Venules

A

United capillaries forming small veins to remove de oxygenated

90
Q

Layers of arteries deep to superficial

A

Tunica intim, tunica media, tunica external

91
Q

Smooth muscle of artery responsible for vasoconstriction and vasodilation

A

tunica media, smooth muscle

92
Q

Tachycardia

A

100+

93
Q

Bradycardia

A

<50

94
Q

Systolic BP

A

Force of left ventricular contraction

95
Q

Diastolic BP

A

During left ventricular relaxation

96
Q

High count neutrophils

A

Acute infectio

97
Q

High count lymphocytes

A

Viral infection and infectious mononucleosis

98
Q

High count monocytes

A

Chronic infection

99
Q

High count eosinophils

A

allergic reactions and autoimmune diseases

100
Q

High count basophils

A

Allergic reaction and leukemias

101
Q

Reticulocyte count

A

Rate of erythropoiesis

102
Q

Hematocrit

A

The percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBCs is called the hematocrit (hē-MAT-ō-krit); a hematocrit of 40 indicates that 40% of the volume of blood is composed of RBCs. The normal range of hematocrit for adult females is 38–46% (average = 42); for adult males, it is 40–54% (average = 47).

A&P1 (8 decks)

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