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A&P1 > Cardiac > Flashcards

Cardiac Flashcards

1
Q

Acute normovolemic hemodilution

A

Removal of blood immediately before surgery and its replacement with a cell free solution to maintain sufficient blood volume for circulation, once bleeding has been controlled after surgery blood is returned

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2
Q

Autologous preoperative transfusion

A

Donating ones own blood, 6 weeks before elective surgery (Predonation)

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3
Q

Blood bank

A

Facility that collects and stores a supply of blood for future use by donors and others

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4
Q

Cyanosis

A

Slightly blueish dark purple skin discoloration, most easily seen in the nail beds and mucous membranes due to an increased quantity of hemoglobin not combined with oxygen

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5
Q

Gamma globulin

A

Solution of immunoglobulins from blood consisting of antibodies that react with specific pathogens such as viruses.
Virus injected into animals removing blood from animals with antibodies, isolating antibodies, injected into humans for short term immunity

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6
Q

Hemochromatosis

A

Disorder of iron metabolism characterized by excessive absorption of ingested iron and excess deposit of iron in tissues
Bronze discoloration of the skin, cirrhosis, diabetes, bone and joint abnormalities

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7
Q

Hemorrhage

A

Loss of a large amount of blood

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8
Q

Jaundice

A

Abnormal yellowish discoloration of the sclerae of the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes due to excess billirubin in the blood

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9
Q

Phlebotomist

A

A technician who specializes in withdrawing blood

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10
Q

Septicemia

A

Toxins or disease causing bacteria in the blood
Blood poisoning

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11
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

Very low platelet count that results in a tendency to bleed from capillaries

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12
Q

Venesection

A

Opening of a vein for blood withdrawal

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13
Q

Whole blood

A

Blood containing all formed elements, blood plasma, and plasma solutes in natural concentrations

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14
Q

Asystole

A

Failure of the myocardium to contract

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15
Q

Cardiac arrest

A

Cessation of an effective heartbeat, the heart may be completely stopped or in ventricular fibrillation

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16
Q

Cardiac rehabilitation

A

A supervised program of progressive exercise, psychological support, education, and training to enable a patient to resume normal activities following MI

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17
Q

Cardiomegaly

A

Heart enlargement

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18
Q

Cardiomyopathy

A

A progressive disorder in which ventricular structure or function is impaired

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19
Q

Commotio cordis

A

Damage to the heart, normally fatal, as a result of a sharp nonpenetrating blow to the chest while the ventricles are polarizing

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20
Q

Cor pulmonale

A

A term referring to right ventricular hypertrophy from disorders that bring about HTN in pulmonary circulation

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21
Q

Ejection fraction

A

The fraction of the end diastolic that is ejected during an average heartbeat equal to stroke volume divided by EDV

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22
Q

Electrophysiological testing

A

A procedure in which a catheter with an electrode is passed through blood vessels and introduced into the heart. It is used to detect the exact location of abnormal electrical conduction pathways. Once an abnormal pathway is located, it can be destroyed by sending a current through the electrode, a procedure called radiofrequency ablation

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23
Q

Palpitation

A

A fluttering of the heart or an abnormal rate or rhythm of the heart about which an individual is aware

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24
Q

Paroxysmal tachycardia

A

A period of rapid heartbeats that begins and ends suddenly

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25
Sick sinus syndrome
An abnormally functioning SA node that initiates heartbeats too slowly or rapidly, pauses too long between heartbeats, or stops producing beats. Symptoms include lightheadedness, SOB, LOC, and palpitations. Degeneration of cells in the SA node and is common in elderly persons, related to coronary artyery disease, Pacemaker to fix
26
Sudden cardiac death
The unexpected cessation of circulation and breathing due to an underlying heart disease such as ischemia, MI, disturbance in cardiac rhythm
27
Aneurysm
A thin weakened section of the wall of an artery or vein that bulges outward forming a balloonlike sac
28
Aortography
Xray examination of the aorta and its main branches after injecting dye
29
Carotid endarterectomy
Removal of atherosclerotic plaque from the carotid arty to respire greater blood flow to the brain
30
Claudication
Pain and lameness or limping caused by defective circulation of the blood in the vessel of the LIMBS
31
Deep Vein thrombosis DVT
Presence of a thrombus(blood clot) in a deep vein of the lower limbs. It may lead to pulmonary embolism, if it dislodges
32
Doppler ultrasound scanning
Imaging technique used to measure blood flow
33
Femoral angiography
Imaging technique with a contrast medium is injected into the femoral artery and spreads to other arteries in lower limb, narrowing or blockage of arteries
34
Occlusion
Closure or obstruction of the lumen of a structure such as blood vessel
35
Phlebitis
Inflammation of a vein often in leg
36
Thrombectomy
Operation to remove a blood clot from a blood vessel
37
Thrombophlebitis
Inflammation of a vein involving clot formation
38
Venipuncture
Puncture of a vein to withdraw blood or introduce a solution
39
% Blood plasma / % formed cells
55/45
40
Formed elements in blood
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
41
Two types of leukocytes
Granular and agranular
42
Granular leukocytes
Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils
43
Agranular leukocytes
T and B lymphocytes, natural killer cells, monocytes
44
Hemopoisesis
process by which blood cells are producted
45
Eruthrocytes
RBCs
46
In red bone marrow where all blood cells develop
Multipotent stem cells
47
What develops from multipotent stemcells
Myeloid stem cells and Lymphoid stem cells
48
Hemoglobin composition
Globin and heme
49
What transports iron (O2 and CO2)
Heme
50
Red bone marrow is found in
Cranium, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, humerus, and femur
51
Polycythemia
Increase in nymber of RBCs
52
Anemia
Below normal RBC count Lack of Heme, globin, or B12
53
Pernicious anemia
Lack of intrinsic factor
54
Active phagocytes(2)
Neutrophils and monocytes
55
What leaves the blood and enters tissues to phagocitize?
Monocytes
56
Produces antihistamines that combat irritants
Eosinophils
57
Leaves blood capillaires and eleases heparin and histamine that comabts allergens and intensifies inflammatory response
Basophils like mast cells
58
Antigen
Foreign chemical
59
White blood cell count percentages Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils
60-70 20-25 3-8 2-4 0.5-1
60
Leukocytosis
Increase above 10,000 WBC
61
Leucopenia
Decrease below 5,000
62
Hemostasis
Stoppage of bleeding with three mechanisms
63
Three mechanisms of stopping bleeding
Vascular Spasm, Platelet plug formation, Blood coagulation
64
Thrombosis
Clotting in unbroken blood vessel
65
Thrombus
Nonmoving clot
66
Embolus
Moving clot, bubble of air, or fat from broken bone
67
Type of blood that lacks antigens
O
68
Universal donor
Type O
69
Universal recipient type
Type AB
70
Loose fitting membrane that encloses the heart as well as consisting of two parts
Pericardium Outer fibrous pericardium and inner serous pericardium
71
Two layers of serous pericardium
Parietal layer and visceral layer
72
Epicardium
Visceral layer of the serous pericardium
73
Space between the parietal layer and visceral layer of the serous pericardium
Pericardial cavity
74
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the pericardium
75
Layers of heart wall from superficial to deep
Epicardium, Myoardium, endocardium
76
Inflammation of the heart wall superficial to deep
Epiarditis, myocarditis, endocarditis
77
Interatrial septum
Partition between the atria
78
Fossa ovalis
Remnant of the foramen ovale in fetal heart
79
Interventricular septum
Partition between the two ventricles
80
Sulci
Grooves on surface of heart
81
Coronary sulcus
Encircles heart and marks the external boundary between the atria and ventricles
82
Anterior interventricular sulcus
Anterior aspect Marks the boundary between the right and left ventricle
83
Posterior interventricular sulcus
Posterior aspect Marks the boundary between the right and left ventricle
84
Valves are designed to
Prevent backflow
85
Phases of cardiac cycle
Atrial systole(Contraction), ventricular diastole(relaxation), ventricular systole(contraction), atrial diastole(relaxation)
86
Cardiac reserve
Difference between a persons max cardiac output and resting cardiac output
87
Directions of arteries
Carry blood away
88
Naming Size Large to small of arteries
Arteries, Arterioles, Capillaries
89
Venules
United capillaries forming small veins to remove de oxygenated
90
Layers of arteries deep to superficial
Tunica intim, tunica media, tunica external
91
Smooth muscle of artery responsible for vasoconstriction and vasodilation
tunica media, smooth muscle
92
Tachycardia
100+
93
Bradycardia
<50
94
Systolic BP
Force of left ventricular contraction
95
Diastolic BP
During left ventricular relaxation
96
High count neutrophils
Acute infectio
97
High count lymphocytes
Viral infection and infectious mononucleosis
98
High count monocytes
Chronic infection
99
High count eosinophils
allergic reactions and autoimmune diseases
100
High count basophils
Allergic reaction and leukemias
101
Reticulocyte count
Rate of erythropoiesis
102
Hematocrit
The percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBCs is called the hematocrit (hē-MAT-ō-krit); a hematocrit of 40 indicates that 40% of the volume of blood is composed of RBCs. The normal range of hematocrit for adult females is 38–46% (average = 42); for adult males, it is 40–54% (average = 47).

A&P1 (8 decks)

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