respiratory system

Question 1

4 major phyla

Answer 1

actinobacteria
firmucutes
protobacteria
bacteroidetes

Question 2

strep throat: cause, symptoms, diagnose, cure

in back of your throat

all preention of URT = hand hygeiene

Answer 2

typically viral infection via airbone droplets and contam fomites

Symptoms: sore throat w/ beef red pharynx, swollen lymph notes, tonsils
microaspiration can read to LRT -> laryngitis & bronchitis

diagnosis via rapid strep a antigen test
take antibiotics

Question 3

middle ear infection: cause, symptoms, cure

Answer 3

typically viral infection
biofilm causes further inflammation in middle ear
ear pain, red/bulging ear, fever

most cases cleared w/o antibiotics bcs it doesnt clear the biofilm

Question 4

common cold: cause, symptons, cure

all preention of URT = hand hygeiene

Answer 4

typically rhinovirus, adenovirus, coronavirus via airbone dropelets & contam fomites

sneezing, sore throat, stuff nose
take antihistamines / congestants for sympt only

Question 5

3 stages of pertussis

Answer 5

catarrhal: most contagious
paroxysmal: spasmodic, violent coughing
convaslescent: sporadic coughing

Question 6

pertussis: how, cure, prevention

pathogen spread from URT -> LRT

Answer 6

Bordella pertussi via airbone droplets from the sick binds to epithelial lining, produces toxin
=> paralyzes cilia, bt excess mucus; preventing mucus clearance

take macrolides during catarrhal stage (bt only when reduced severity & duration)

DTaP vaccine for child; booster, adult booster forward

Question 7

name all URT diseases

Answer 7

strep throat, middle ear infection, and common cold

Question 8

tuberculosis: cause, diagnosis, cure, prevention

diff cure for drug susceptant and drug-resistant

Answer 8

cause: mycobacterium tuberculosis via airbone droplets and contam fomites

diagnose via mantoux test => produce a tuberculin rxn if (+)

cure: if drug-subsceptible, daily isonizaid and rifampin
if drug-resisant, multi-drug plan

prevention: l bacilli Calmette-Guérin vaccine , masking

Question 9

describe a disease of LRT

Answer 9

Tuberculosis

Question 10

how is the respiratory system divided?

Answer 10

into upper res tract (URT): nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx

into LRT: trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

Question 11

what’s the microbial defense of respiratory track?

hint: in conductory zone and alveoli

Answer 11

epithelial lining of URT has cilia
globet cell produces mucus
sweeps microbes, allergens, particulates towards pharynx

immune defense cell in alveoli target leftover pathogens

Question 12

describe the infectious agent that cause influenza

Answer 12

4 spherical virus: A, B, C, D (A is the most common)

8 single-stranded RNA enclosed in nucleocapsid and matrix protein and envelope

H spike: hemaglutinnin, help flu virus attach and enter epithelical cell
N spike: neurominidase, release replicated virus from host cells

Question 13

why was spanish flu so deadly?

Answer 13

Antigenic drift = unpredictable point mutations in RNA
…shift = major shifts can allow virus to jump to new host; also bcs of genetic reassortment

Question 14

influenza: transmission, sympton, diagnosis, cure, prevention

Answer 14

via airbone droplets and contam fomites, chills / fatigue/ headache

diagnose via RIDT (rapid influenza diagnosis test) and PCR for subtype
bed rest, fluid replacement, pain mngement
take yoru annual flu vaccine and hand hygiene

Question 15

COVID-19: infectious agent, clinical presentation & cure

note the special complciation w/ COVDI

Answer 15

infectious agent:; SARS-COV-2 via airbone droplets (presum + asymp ppl) and contam fomites
just takes 15 mins+ close contact w/ the sick

respiratory illness/ affect brain heart lvier kidney, blood clotting system

cure: supplemental Oxygen

Question 16

note the special complication w/ covid

Answer 16

high fatality rate, overlaod hospital
=> continual fatigue, hallucination, short-term memory lost post=recovery