11 + 12

Question 1

what is DNA composed of?

Answer 1

nucleotides- 5C sugar, phosphate and nucleobase

Question 2

prokaryote’s DNA vs eukaryote’s?

Answer 2

P: supercoiling reduces its size
NAP helps DNA to fold into coil
Compaction evident when cell is lysed

E: wrapped around histone protein
< lvl of compaction
final lvl of compation not after mitosis & meiosis

Question 3

core genes vs variable vs unique in E.coli?

Answer 3

shared by all strain vs found in a single strain/ species vs unique to 1 strain . species

purpose: in metabolism, growth and reproduction / not essential for growth and reproduction / ?

Question 4

DNA polymerase reads in _____ but moves in ____

Answer 4

3’ to 5’ ; 5’ to 3’

Question 5

______ moves along continuous synthesis while _____ moves _______, creating _______ fragments

Answer 5

leading, lagging & discontinuous, Okazaki

Question 6

transcription vs translation?

Answer 6

In first: gene is copied into complementary mRNA
in second: ribosome reads mRNA to produce polypeptide using am.a

make mrNA vs polypeptide

Question 7

what is mRNA?

Answer 7

carries genertic info for ribosome to read
encoded in a series of 3 base pair codons which specify an amn.a
AUG _> methionine

Question 8

what is rRNA?

Answer 8

RIBOSOMAL: transcribed but not translated
combined with 50 proteins to form ribosome

Question 9

what is tRNA?

Answer 9

TRANSFER: anticodon binds to mRNA codon with specific am.a attached
transfer to the growing peptide chain

Question 10

How is RNA made?

Answer 10

With RNA polymerase: reads 3’-> 5’ like DNA polymerase but only 1 strand is transcribed

Question 11

Compare DNA vs RNA?

Answer 11

1/ large 2x-stranded mole vs small, single stranded molecule
2/ deoxyribose vs ribose
3/ molecular inheritance vs gene expression

Question 12

eukaryote vs prokaryote replication?

Answer 12

(1) presence of intron is removed prior to translation in E vs no intron in P
(2) translation and transcription is couipled in P & occurs at the same time

Question 13

Describe DNA replication?

(Keywords:

(1) origin of replicaiton, replication fork
(2) DNA polymerase, strand, proofread
(3) replication factories, termination protein, 180

Answer 13

(1) initiation: anabolic employs imilar mechaism to P & E
begins @ origin of replication: DNA helcase unwinds 2 strands, forming a replciation fork
(2) elongation: DNA polymerase copies template strand semiconservative rep: each chromo has 1 old + 1 newly synthesized strands
=> proofread reduces error
(3) termination: replication factories ends at 180 from oriC
termination protein cause repl. facgtories to detach
2 DNA moelcules separate

Question 14

Prokaryotes usually have singular ___ chromosome / ____/ while eukaryotes have _____ chromosomes and ___ copies of each /___/

Answer 14

circular / haploid / more than 2 / 2 / haploid

Question 15

2 ways to identify mutations?

Answer 15

negative selection: identity nutr mutation
positive selection: abtibiotic resisistant one

Question 16

what does Amex test use?

Answer 16

auxophobi His- strain of bacteria

Question 17

which is larger: insertion sequence or transposoons

Answer 17

the latter- bgigger and carries more DNA

Question 18

if ______moved to ______, create a mutation at the point of ____ & ____. if moved to plasmid, maybe transferred to a _______

Answer 18

transposable elements, chromosomes, excisions and insertion. different cell.

Question 19

spontaneous vs induced mutation?

Answer 19

1st: results from a natural phenomena: errors uncorrected during DNA replication
2nd: mutagens (e.g UV light)

Question 20

mismatch repair vs nucleoid excision repair?

Answer 20

during DNA replication, DNA polymerase may left some errors uncorrected. cut off that DDNA, unwines and puts correct codon

some mutagens target the double helix. recognizes that distortio, small regions digested and made new w/ complementary strand

Question 21

describe transformation

Question 22

describe transduction

Question 23

describe the conjugation

Question 24

describe Hfr.