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Anatomy + Physiology (606) > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

functions of respiratory system

A

cells need energy- maintenance, growth, defence, division
oxygen- obtained from air by diffusion across delicate exchange surfaces of lungs, carried to cells by CV system which returns co2 to lungs

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2
Q

main functions

A

provides extensive gas exchange surface area between air and circulating blood
moves air to and from exchange surfaces of lungs
protects respiratory surfaces to outside environment
produces sound
participates in olfactory sense

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3
Q

respiratory tract

A

passageway that carries air to and from exchange surfaces in lungs
consists of conducting portion- nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles
respiratory portion- respiratory bronchioles and alveoli
epiglottis- separates upper and lower resp system

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4
Q

conducting and respiratory zones

A

lungs are a network of branches passageways
these airways branch a total of 23 times
have irregular dichotomous pattern
each airway gives rise to two daughter airways
air reaches alveoli surrounded by dense network of capillaries
alveoli appear as buds in the bronchiole wall from branch 17
from 20 onwards whole airway is alveoli

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5
Q

differences between right and left lung

A

right= superior, middle, inferior lobes
left= superior, inferior lobes
can track progress of disease through loves of lungs +can remove portions/ lobes of lung

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6
Q

respiratory mucosa

A

consists of epithelial layer and areolar layer
lines conducting portion of respiratory system
underlined by lamina propia
contains mucous glands in upper respiratory system
contains smooth muscle in lower respiratory system that controls dilation of branches (bronchorestriction and bronchodilation)
air enters respiratory sustem through nostrils/external nare into vestibule
air flows through 3 nasal meatuses
nasal conchae- create turbulence in the air to trap small particles in mucus

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7
Q

oral cavity

A

hard palate- forms floor of nasal cavity; separates nasal and oral cavities
soft palate- extends posterior to hard palate, divides superior nasopharynx from lower pharynx

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8
Q

pharynx

A

chamber shared by digestive and respiratory systems
extends from internal nares to entrances to larynx + oesphagus
has 3 divisions; nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
air flows from pharynx to larynx , first passes through epiglottis
glottis- voice box, produces sound, vocal folds change air flow

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9
Q

sound/ speech

A

sound production- air passing through glottis, vibrates vocal folds + produces sound waves
sound variation- tension on vocal folds, voluntary muscles
speech- phonation - sound production at the larynx
articulation- modification of sound by other structures

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10
Q

bronchi

A

right and left primary bronchi separated by internal ridge (carnia)
C shaped cartilaginous rings which keep airway open
right primary bronchus- larger in diameter to left + descends at steeper angle
each primary bronchus travels to a groove along medial surface of lung

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11
Q

bronchial tree

A

formed by primary bronchi and branches
primary bronchus- branches to form secondary bronchi, 1 secondary goes to each lung (lobe)
extrapulmonary bronchi- left and right bronchi branch outside lungs
intrapulmonary- branches within lungs
secondary bronchi- branch to form tertiary bronchi (segmental bronchi)
each segmental bronchi supply air to single bronchopulmonary segment
right= 10 segments
left= 8/9 segments

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12
Q

bronchial structure

A

walls of primary, secondary + tertiary bronchi; contains porgressively less cartilage and more smooth muscle, increasing muscular effects on airway constriction and resistance
each tertiary bronchus branches into multiple bronchioles which branch into terminal bronchioles
have no cartilage + dominated by smooth muscle
autonomic control regiulates smooth muscle, controlling diameter of bronchioles + airflow + resistance of lungs

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13
Q

alveoli

A

air filled pockets within lungs where all gas exchange takes place
high capillary density covering surfaces of alveoli
open alveolar sacs

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14
Q

external respiration

A

process involved in exchanging o2 and co2 with environment
pulmonary ventiltion, gas diffusion, storage and transport of o2 and co2

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15
Q

internal respiration

A

cellular respiration
uptake of o2 and production of co2 within individual cells

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16
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

physical movement of air in and out of respiratory tract
provides alveolar ventilation- physical movement of air in and out of alveoli

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17
Q

boyles law

A

defines relationship between gas pressure and volume
pressure of gas is inversely proportional to volume of a container
P= 1/V
in contained gas- external pressure forces molecules closer together, movement of gas exerts pressure on container
air moves from high to low pressure

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18
Q

compliance of lung

A

indicator of expandability
low compliance requires greater force + high compliance requires less force
affected by connective tissue structure of lungs, level of surfactant production, mobility of thoracic cage

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19
Q

inspiration

A

initiated by respiratory control centre in medulla (brain stem)
activation of medulla leads to contraction of diaphragm and intercostals
diaphragm moves downwards and rotates ribs towards horizontal plane
external intercostals move ribs up and out increasing thoracic cavity
increase in volume of lungs, decrease in pressure- air moves in

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20
Q

expiration

A

normal breathing- expiration is passive
elastic fibres in connective tissue of lungs + surface tension of film of fluid coats alveoli- elastic recoil

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21
Q

surface tension

A

thin film of liquid lines alveoli and surface tension of film is important
attractive forces between adjacent molecules of liquid are stronger than those between liquid and gas
contributes ti passive recoil force and helps to stabilise alveoli
- greater lung compliance when alveoli is inflated with saline

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22
Q

muscles of respiration- quiet breathing

A

active inhalation and passive exhalation
diaphragmatic breathing/ deep breathing
costal breathing or shallow breathing- dominated by ribcage movement + diaphragm
known as eupnea

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23
Q

forced breathing

A

hypernea
active exhalation and inhalation
assisted by accessory muscles
maximum levels occur in exhaustion

24
Q

muscles involved

A

muscles of inspiration

sternocleidomastoid
scalenes
internal and external intercostals
diaphragm

muscles of expiration
internal abdominal oblique
transversus abdominis
rectus abdominis
internal intercostals

25
Q

respiratory rate + volume- calculations

A

Ve= f x Vt
Ve= volume of air moved each minute
f= breaths per minute
Vt= tidal volume

Va= f x (Vt-Vd)
va= alveolar ventilation
Vd= dead anatomical space

26
Q

lung volumes

A

Fev1- forced expiratory volume in 1 second
FVC- forced vital capacity- max volume of gas that can be expelled from the lungs after maximum inspiration
forced expiratory ratio- FEV1/ FVC

27
Q

composition of air

A

nitrogen= 78.6%
oxygen= 20.9%
water vapor= 0.5%
carbon dioxide= 0.04%

28
Q

alveoli

A

air filled pockets in lungs where gas exchange takes place
large surface area due to large number of alveoli
capillary endothelium is very thin making gas exchange efficient

29
Q

alveolus

A

extensive network of capillaries surrounded by elastic fibres
fibres recoil during exhalation, reducing size of alveoli to push air out of lungs
efficient gas exchange- alveoli walls thin + surface area large

30
Q

alveolar epithelium

A

simple squamous epithelium with thin, delicate type 1 cells
patrolled by alveolar marcrophages (dust cells) involved in phagocytosis
contains septal cells- type 2- that produce surfactant

31
Q

henry’s law

A

when air under pressure comes in contact with liquid gas dissolved in liquid until equilibrium is reached
at a given temp amount of gas in solution is proportional to partial pressure of that gas

increasing pressure drives gas molecules into solution until equilibrium is reached
when gas pressure decreases dissolved gas molecules leave the solution until new equilibrium is reached

32
Q

reasons for effiecncy of gas exchange

A
  1. substantial difference in partial pressure across respiratory membrane
    2.distances involved in gas exchange are short (lungs + tissues)
  2. o2 and co2 are lipid soluble- can diffuse through membrane
  3. total surface area is large- endurance training can increase capillary density, increasing SA
  4. blood flow and airflow are coordinated- HR increase when inspiring + decreases when expiring
33
Q

partial pressure- external

A

between alveoli and pulmonary capillary
blood arriving in pul artery has low po2 and high pco2 meaning o2 enters and co2 leaves blood
at altitude, lower po2 of oxygen meaning less o2 to the tissues

34
Q

partial pressure - internal

A

systemic - between capillary and tissues
o2 enters tissues, co2 leaves tissues
oxy and deoxy blood mix in passageways
lowers po2 of blood entering systemic circuit, blood enters tissues
intersitial fluid- intercellular fluid, co2 and o2 diffuse through
conc gradient in peripheral capillaries is opposite of lungs

35
Q

gas pickup and delivery

A

blood plasma can’t transport enough o2 or co2 to meet physiogical needs
RBC transport o2 to and co2 from peripheral tissues + remove co2 from plasma allowing gases to diffuse into blood

36
Q

haemoglobin

A

Oxyhemoglobin, deoxyHB, carbaminoHB
CO is dangerous as Hb has higher affinity for CO than o2
increased po2- hb binds o2
decreased po2- hb releases o2

37
Q

oxyhb saturation curve

A

higher po2 results in greater Hb saturation
curve as Hb changes shape as each molecule of o2 is bound
each o2 bound makes the next o2 binding easier
allows Hb to bind o2 when o2 levels are low

38
Q

hb curve- temp

A

increase in temp- Hb will release more o2 (lower affinity)
decrease in temp- Hb will hold more o2 (higher affinity)
temp effects are only significant in active tissues as they are generating large amounts of heat

39
Q

hb curve- pH

A

Bohr effect- result of change in pH
caused by increase in co2, co2 diffuse into RBC
enzyme carbonic anhydrase catalyses reaction with h2o and produces carbonic acid
dissociates into H+ ion and bicarbonate ion, H+ diffuse out of RBC lowering the pH
low pH= lower affinity
high pH= higher affinity

40
Q

co2 transport

A

co2 generated by aerobic metabolism
3 pathways- dissolved in plasma, bound to hb, converted to carbonic acid (reversible)

co2 is picked up from tissues and transported in systemic capillaries and taken to lungs
in pulmonary capillaries co2 is transported into alveolar air space to be breathed out

41
Q

control of respiration

A

normally- rates of o2 absorption and co2 production at cells is equal to o2 absorption and co2 excretion at lungs
if normality is removed, cardiovascular and respiratory systems must adjust
increased activity of tissue= decreased po2 and increased pco2, changes in gas exchange, increased blood flow

42
Q

metabolic activity in RBCs

A

HB and 2,30 bisphosphoglycerate (BPG)
RBCs generate ATP by glycolysis – forming lactic acid and BPG
BPG directly affects o2 binding and release – more BPG, more o2 released by Hb (lower affinity)
BPG levels
BPG levels rise when pH increase + when stimulated by certain hormones
If BPG levels are too low then Hb will not release o2 (higher affinity)

43
Q

neural control of resp

A

respiratory centres- when o2 demand rises, cardiac output and respiratory rates increase
involuntary- regulates respiratory muscle activity, frequency + depth, responding to info from lungs + respiratory tract (specific receptors) - during quiet breathing

voluntary- reflects activity in cerebral cortex, affects output of respiratory centres (medulla + pons) and motor neurons

44
Q

control in pons

A

apneustic and penumotaxic centres
paired nuclei that adjust output of respiratory rhythmicity centres
regulate respiratory rate and depth of respiration

45
Q

respiratory centres of medulla

A

dorsal respiratory group- inspiratory centre, functions in quiet and forced breathing

ventral respiratory group- inspiratory and expiratory centre, functions in forced breathing

46
Q

regulatory patterns- quiet breathing

A
  1. diaphragm and external intercostals contract, inhalation
  2. dorsal respiratory group inhibited
  3. diaphragm and external intercostals relax, passive exhalation occurs
  4. dorsal respiratory group active
47
Q

regulatory patterns- forced

A
  1. muscles of inhalation contract, opposing muscles relax, inhalation
  2. DRG and inspiratory centres of VRG are inhibited, expiratory centre of VRG is active
  3. muscles of inhalation relax and muscles of exhalation contract, exhalation occurs
  4. DRG and inspiratory centre of VRG are active, expiratory of VRG is inhibited
48
Q

respiratory reflexes

A

chemoreceptors- sensitive to pco2, po2 or pH of blood or cerebrospinal fluid
baroreceptors- sensitive to changes in blood pressure
stretch receptors- respond to changes in lung volume
irritating physical or chemical stimuli in nasal cavity, larynx or bronchial tree
other sensations including pain, changes in body temp + abmormal visceral sensations

49
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

baroreceptors in aortic or carotid sinuses are sensitive to changes in blood pressure
stretch receptors respond to changes in lung volume

50
Q

hering breuer reflexes

A

2 mechonrecpetor reflexes involved in forced breathing (not eupnea or when Vt <1000ml)

inflation reflex- prevents overexpansion of lungs, as lung volume increases DRG is inhibited, VRG stimulated

deflation reflex- inhibits expiratory centres, stimulates inspiratory centres during lung deflation

51
Q

chemoreceptor reflexes

A

respiratory centres are strongly influences by chemoreceptor input from:
cranial nerve IX- (glossopharyngeal nerve)- carotid bodies
cranial nerve X (vagus nerve)- aortic bodies
central chemoreceptors that monitor cerebrospinal fluid

52
Q

chemoreceptor stimulation

A

a drop in Po2 to around 40mmHg increases respiratory rate by 50-70%
a rise of 10% in arterial Pco2 will increase respiratory rate by 100%
chemoreceptor stimulation is subject to adaptation- decreased sensitivity due to chronic stimulation
increases in lactic acid also affect respiration

53
Q

chemoreceptors response to increase in pco2

A

increase arterial pco2
stimulation of arterial chemoreceptors –> stimulation of respiratory muscles
increase pco2 + decreased pH + stimulation of CSF chemoreceptors
increased respiratory rate with increased elimanation of co2 at alveoli

54
Q

response to decrease in pco2

A

decreased arterial pco2 - hypocapnia
decreased pco2, increased pH in CSF –> decreased stimulation of CSF chemoreceptors
inhbition of arterial chemoreceptors + inhibition of respiratory muscles
decreased respiratory rate with decreased elimination of co2 at alveoli

55
Q

respiratory changes with age

A

before birth- pulmonary vessels collapsed, lungs contain no air
at birth- new born overcomes force of surface tension to inflate bronchial tree and alveoli to take first breath
in elderly- deterioration in elastic tissue, arthritic changes and decreased flexibility, emphysema

56
Q

respiration pace

A

basic pace of respiration is established by the interplay between respiratory centres in pons and medulla oblongata
pace is modified in response to input from chemorecptors, baroreceptors and stretch receptors
co2 levels are primary drivers for respiratory activity,

57
Q

bronchodilation and restricion

A

bronchodilatiuon- widening of bronchiole airways caused by symp ANS, reduces restriction
Bronchoconstriction- caused by para ANS, activation/ histamine release (allergic reaction)

Anatomy + Physiology (606) (15 decks)

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