`Joints Flashcards
functions
allow movement
stability
functional classifications
synarthrosis- immoveable joint- closed surfaces joined with fibres, cartilage or bone
amphiarthrosis- slightly moveable joint- surfaces connected by collagen fibres or cartilage
diarthrosis- freely moveable joint- synovial joint
angular movement- sagittal
flexion
extension
hyperextension
angular motion in sagittal plane
angular movement- frontal
abduction-away from body/longitudinal axis
adduction-towards the body
angular movement
circumduction
circular motion without rotation
combination of flexion/ extension and ab/adduction
rotation
around a longitudinal axis
can be left or right
can be medial- internal or lateral- external
pronation
supination
movements of foot
inversion- twist sole medially (towards midline)
eversion- twist sole laterally (away from midline)
dorsiflexion- flexion at ankle, raise toes
plantar flexion- extension at ankle, pointing toes
joint classification- bony joints
synostosis- synarthrosis
articulating bones fused
eg joint between left and right frontal bone
fibrous joint
suture (synarthrosis)- articulating bones interlock and attached by collagen fibres
gomphosis (synarthrosis)- tooth fits in socket attached by ligament (in mouth)
eg joints between teeth and jaws
syndesmosis (amphiarthosis)- bones connected by ligament - limited movement
eg joint between tibia and fibula
cartilaginous joint
synchondrosis (synarthrosis) - bones attached by cartilage - no movement at joint
eg costal cartilage (ribs and sternum)
symphysis (amphiarthosis)- bones separated by fibrocartilage disk
eg pubic symphysis
synovial joint
diarthrosis- freely moveable
cartilage, synovial fluid and joint capsule
eg ends of long bones
synovial joint structure
articular cartilage- smooth covering, prevents bones touching, reduces friction
synovial fluid- high protein content (proteoglycans), secreted by fibroblasts
functions- lubrication, nutrient distribution, shock absorption
joint capsule- fibrous connective tissue, synovial membrane- layer of cells incl fibroblasts
joint accessory structures
cartilages- cushion the joint
fat pads- superficial, provide protection
ligaments- support, strengthen joint
tendons- attach to muscles, help support joint
bursae- pocked of synovial fluid, cushion where tendons or ligaments rub
joint accessory structures
cartilages- cushion the joint
fat pads- superficial, provide protection
ligaments- support, strengthen joint
tendons- attach to muscles, help support joint
bursae- pocked of synovial fluid, cushion where tendons or ligaments rub
types of synovial joint
gliding
hinge
pivot
condylar
saddle
ball and socket
intervertabral articulations
s
damage to intervertabral discs
a
shoulder (glenohumeral) joint
daithrotic, freely moveable, synovaial
articulating- head of humerus, glenoid cavity of scapula
glenoid labrum- fibrocartilage ring, deepens cavity, extra stability
ligaments- provide stability
rotator cuff muscles- tendons provide stability
bursae- prevent rubbing of adjacent structures
hip (coxal) joint
diathrotic, synovial
articulating bones- head of femur, cavity- acetabulum (deeper than shoulder so more stable)
acetabular labrum- deepens cavity
strong joint capsule reinforced by a number of ligaments
elbow
diathrotic, synovial, hinge
articulations;
humeroulnar- trochlea (humerus) and trochlear notch (ulna)
humeroradial- capitulum (humerus) with head of radius
ligaments
knee
diathrotic, synovial, modified/complex hinge (flexion extension and some rotation)
articulations;
two femur tibia joints- medial and lateral condyles, medial and lateral menisici
patella- patellar surface
(3 joints)
ligaments- patellar, anterior and posterior cruciate (limit movement forward and back), tibial and fibular collateral ligaments (mediolateral stability- side to side)
bursae
fat pads
injuries
sprain- tearing of ligament fibres
dislocation (luxation)- articulating surfaces displaces, damages articular cartilage, ligaments, joint capsule
sublaxation- partial dislocation
joint diseases
osetoarthritis- damage to articular cartilage (thin layer) and underlying bone, more common with age, obesity and injury, inflammatory condition, pain and limited movement
rheumatoid arthritis- autoimmune condition, inflammation of articular cartilage, can be managed with anti inflammatory medication
gouty arthritis- deposition of crystals (uric acid- from protein) in joint as a result of metabolic disorder (gout)
