`Joints

Question 1

functions

Answer 1

allow movement
stability

Question 2

functional classifications

Answer 2

synarthrosis- immoveable joint- closed surfaces joined with fibres, cartilage or bone

amphiarthrosis- slightly moveable joint- surfaces connected by collagen fibres or cartilage

diarthrosis- freely moveable joint- synovial joint

Question 3

angular movement- sagittal

Answer 3

flexion
extension
hyperextension
angular motion in sagittal plane

Question 4

angular movement- frontal

Answer 4

abduction-away from body/longitudinal axis
adduction-towards the body

Question 5

angular movement

Answer 5

circumduction
circular motion without rotation
combination of flexion/ extension and ab/adduction

rotation
around a longitudinal axis
can be left or right
can be medial- internal or lateral- external
pronation
supination

Question 6

movements of foot

Answer 6

inversion- twist sole medially (towards midline)
eversion- twist sole laterally (away from midline)
dorsiflexion- flexion at ankle, raise toes
plantar flexion- extension at ankle, pointing toes

Question 7

joint classification- bony joints

Answer 7

synostosis- synarthrosis
articulating bones fused
eg joint between left and right frontal bone

Question 8

fibrous joint

Answer 8

suture (synarthrosis)- articulating bones interlock and attached by collagen fibres

gomphosis (synarthrosis)- tooth fits in socket attached by ligament (in mouth)
eg joints between teeth and jaws

syndesmosis (amphiarthosis)- bones connected by ligament - limited movement
eg joint between tibia and fibula

Question 9

cartilaginous joint

Answer 9

synchondrosis (synarthrosis) - bones attached by cartilage - no movement at joint
eg costal cartilage (ribs and sternum)

symphysis (amphiarthosis)- bones separated by fibrocartilage disk
eg pubic symphysis

Question 10

synovial joint

Answer 10

diarthrosis- freely moveable
cartilage, synovial fluid and joint capsule
eg ends of long bones

Question 11

synovial joint structure

Answer 11

articular cartilage- smooth covering, prevents bones touching, reduces friction

synovial fluid- high protein content (proteoglycans), secreted by fibroblasts
functions- lubrication, nutrient distribution, shock absorption

joint capsule- fibrous connective tissue, synovial membrane- layer of cells incl fibroblasts

Question 12

joint accessory structures

Answer 12

cartilages- cushion the joint
fat pads- superficial, provide protection
ligaments- support, strengthen joint
tendons- attach to muscles, help support joint
bursae- pocked of synovial fluid, cushion where tendons or ligaments rub

Question 12

joint accessory structures

Answer 12

cartilages- cushion the joint
fat pads- superficial, provide protection
ligaments- support, strengthen joint
tendons- attach to muscles, help support joint
bursae- pocked of synovial fluid, cushion where tendons or ligaments rub

Question 13

types of synovial joint

Answer 13

gliding
hinge
pivot
condylar
saddle
ball and socket

Question 14

intervertabral articulations

Answer 14

s

Question 15

damage to intervertabral discs

Answer 15

a

Question 16

shoulder (glenohumeral) joint

Answer 16

daithrotic, freely moveable, synovaial
articulating- head of humerus, glenoid cavity of scapula
glenoid labrum- fibrocartilage ring, deepens cavity, extra stability
ligaments- provide stability
rotator cuff muscles- tendons provide stability
bursae- prevent rubbing of adjacent structures

Question 17

hip (coxal) joint

Answer 17

diathrotic, synovial
articulating bones- head of femur, cavity- acetabulum (deeper than shoulder so more stable)
acetabular labrum- deepens cavity
strong joint capsule reinforced by a number of ligaments

Question 18

elbow

Answer 18

diathrotic, synovial, hinge
articulations;
humeroulnar- trochlea (humerus) and trochlear notch (ulna)
humeroradial- capitulum (humerus) with head of radius
ligaments

Question 19

knee

Answer 19

diathrotic, synovial, modified/complex hinge (flexion extension and some rotation)
articulations;
two femur tibia joints- medial and lateral condyles, medial and lateral menisici
patella- patellar surface
(3 joints)
ligaments- patellar, anterior and posterior cruciate (limit movement forward and back), tibial and fibular collateral ligaments (mediolateral stability- side to side)
bursae
fat pads

Question 20

injuries

Answer 20

sprain- tearing of ligament fibres
dislocation (luxation)- articulating surfaces displaces, damages articular cartilage, ligaments, joint capsule
sublaxation- partial dislocation

Question 21

joint diseases

Answer 21

osetoarthritis- damage to articular cartilage (thin layer) and underlying bone, more common with age, obesity and injury, inflammatory condition, pain and limited movement

rheumatoid arthritis- autoimmune condition, inflammation of articular cartilage, can be managed with anti inflammatory medication

gouty arthritis- deposition of crystals (uric acid- from protein) in joint as a result of metabolic disorder (gout)