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Anatomy + Physiology (606) > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

lymphatic system + immune response

A

comprises of several structures + organs:
lymphatic tissue, bone marrow, lymph, lymphatic vessels
protects us against disease
lymphoid cells respond to envirobmental pathogens, toxins, abnormal body cells incl cancers
pathogens that cause disease: viruses, fungi, parasites, bacteria

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2
Q

parts of lymphatic system

A

lymph- fluid- simialar to plasma without plasma proteins
lymphatic vessels- carry lymph from peripheral to venoys system
lymphoid tissues- inestinal nodes + lymphoid organs (thymus + spleen)
lymphoid cells- lymphocytes, phagocytes

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3
Q

function of lymphatic system

A

1- produce, maintain and distribute lymphocytes
production occurs in lymphoid tissues, lymphoid organs and red bone barrow
distribution- travels through lymphatic vessels and capillaries, detects problems, travels into site on injurt/ infection

  1. return fluid and solutes from peripheral tissues to blood
  2. distribution of hormones, nutrients and waste products from tissue of origin to circulation
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4
Q

lymphatic capillaries

+ lymph trunks and ducts

A

start as blind pockets rather than tubes
have larger diameter + thinner walls than blood capillaries
flat or irregular in cross section

lymph trunks and ducts:
lymph passes through lymph nodes and into lymph trunks (lumbar + intestinal trunks) from lymphatic vessels
lymph trunks merge to form either thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct

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5
Q

circulating lymphocytes

A

T cells- thymus dependent- thymus grows when you are born and begins to shrink when you reach 16- cell mediated immunity
B cells- bone marrow derived- antibody mediated immunity
NK cells- mtural killer cells - bone marrow derived (non specifc immune response)

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6
Q

lymphatic organs and tissues

A

primary lymph organs (where immune cells become immunocompetent) -red bone marrow + thymus
secondary lymphatic organs and tissues- lymph nodes, spleen, lymphoid nodules

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7
Q

structure of lymph node + flow through

A

germinal centres- where B cells produce anitbodies
route of lymph flow:
from subscapular spacw (contains macrophages and dendritic cells)
through outer cortex (contains B cells within germinal centres)
through deep cortex- dominated by T cells
through the core (contains B cells + plasma cells organised into medullary cords)
into hilium and efferent lymphatics

efferent lymph vessels- take lymph fluid out and away from lymph node
afferent lymph vessels- take lymph fluid towards/ into lymph node

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8
Q

lymphoid nodules

A

dont have fibrous capsule unlike lymph organs and lymph nodes
nodules are bundles of lymphoid tissue without fibrous capsule
in lumen of gut (intestinal lumen), in tonsins + appendix

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9
Q

flow of lymph

A

interstitial fluid > lymph capillaries > lymph vessels > lymph trunks > lymph ducts > subclavian veins

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10
Q

lymph nodes

A

purfiy lymph before returning to circulation
removes debris, pathogens + antigens

distribution
lymph nodes of gut trachea, lungs + thoracic duct protect against pathogens in digestive + respiratory systems
lymph nodes (glands) large lymph nodes at groin and base of neck, swell in response to inflammation
lymphadenopathy- chronic or excessive enlargement of lymph nodes may indicate infections, endocrine disorders or cancer

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11
Q

innate vs adaptive immune response

A

non specific (innate)- block/ attach to any potential pathogen, present from birth, no memory
eg NKC, macrophae, neutrophil

specific (adaptive)- identify, attach and develops immunity to a specific antigen, acquired in response to antigens
eg B cell, T cell

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12
Q

non specific defence

A

physical barriers - eyes, skin, respiratory + digestive tract
phagocytotic cells
immunological surveillance (NK cells)
interferons (antiviral) - secreted by NK cells
complememt system- complement proteins (cover/coat pathogen)
inflammation- increase blood flow, activate phagocytes etc
fever- body temp rise, mobilises defenses, inhibits pathogens

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13
Q

phagocytosis and antigen presentation

A
  1. pathogen phagocytised by APC
  2. lysosome action produces antigenic fragments
  3. endoplasmic reticulum produces class II MHC proteins
  4. antigenic fragments are bound to class II MHC proteins
  5. antigenic fragments are displayed by class II MHC proteins on cell membrane

MHC= major histocompatibility complex

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14
Q

classes of phagocytes

A

microphages- neutrophils + eosinophils (granulocytes), leave the blood stream + enter peripheral tissue to fight infections

macrophages- large phagocytic cells derived from monocytes distributed throughput the body, make up monocyte- macrophage system (reticuloendethelial system), may be fixed or free (within tissue/ in circulatory system)

activated macrophages- respond to pathogens in several ways
engulf pathogen and destroy it with lysosomal enzymes, bind to pathogen so other cells can destroy it, destrot pathogens by releasing toxic chemicals into interstitial fluid

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15
Q

immunological surveillance

A
  1. recognition and adhesion
  2. realignment of golgi apparatus
  3. secretion of perforin
  4. lysis of abnormal cell

lines golgi apparatus up with target cell (abnormal cell) , secretes perforin + enzymes (granzyme) enters through pore and breaks up components of cells
perforin- small molecules which bind together to form a pore- perforates cell

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16
Q

interferons

A

non-specific response to viral infections
interferons are proteins (cytokines) released by activated lymphocytes and macrophages
3 types
alpha- produced by leukocytes, stimulate NK cells
beta- secreted by fibrocytes, slow inflammation
gamma- secreted by T cells and NK cells, stimulate macrophage activity

17
Q

complement system

A

enhances (complements) ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens from an organism
effects of complement activation
attraction of phagocytes, enhancement of phagocytosis by opsonisation, stimulation of inflammation, destruction of target cell membrane (MAC)

18
Q

complement cascade

A

bacteria coated with antibodies
compliment binds to antibodies
starts a cascade, allows compliment proteins to form membrane attack complex (similar to perforin)
creates pore on surface of bacteria, casuing it to lyse
conversion of C3 to C3b active form

19
Q

inflammation and tissue repair

A

response to tissue damage
increased blood flow
mast cells release histamine
phagocytes (neutrophils) move to site
neutrophils remove debris
clot formation/ removal of debris
activation of fibrinogen= tissue repair

20
Q

fever

A

increase in body temp due to release of pyrogens (any material that causes hypothalamus to raise body temp)
mobilises defences, accelerates repair, inhibits pathogens- growth + division

21
Q

specific immunity

A

adaptive immunity against pathogens
acquired upon exposure to specific antigens
cell mediated and humoral (antibody)
cd8 cells- cytotoxic/ killer T cells
cd4- helper T cells - help B cells produce antibodies by activating
T cells become specific- some become memory and some die
some B cells become memory cells and others become plasma cells which produce antibodies

cell mediated- intracellular pathogens eg virus infected + antibody mediated= extracellular pathogens eg bacteria, antigen presenting cells

22
Q

T cells

A

cell mediated immunity
T cells only recognise fragments of antigenic proteins that are processes and presented in a certain way

23
Q

B cells

A

humoral/ antibody mediated
B cells can recognise and bind to antigens in lymph, intersitial fluid or blood plasma

24
Q

MHC proteins

A

used to distinguish self and non self
class I on all nucleated cells (1 leg)
class II on APC + lymphocytes (2 legs)

25
Q

recognition of infection

A

free living (exogenous)
inside host cells (endogenous)

26
Q

cell mediated immunity

A

T cells
cytotoxic t cells (CD8) - destroy virally infected cells
helper t cells (CD4) - stimulate function t cells and b cells
suppressor (regulatory) T cells- inhbit function of t cells and b cells

27
Q

helper t cells activation

A

MHC class II on surface of APC
antigen recofnised by antigen receptor
binding facilitated by cd4
T cell is activated and goes through clonal selection

28
Q

cytotoxic t cell activation

A

antigen recognised on MHC class I molecule
binding facilitated by cd8 protein
activated T cells then go through clonal selection

activity

29
Q

cytotoxic t cell activity

A

secretes granzymes, causes infected cells to burst (apoptosis)
bacteria inside cells is cleaned up by phagocytes and antigen is presented on surface

30
Q

cell mediated response steps

A
  1. antigen is engulfed and presented by a macrophage
  2. undifferetiated t cells with specific receptors recognise antigen
  3. cytotoxic t cells migrate to the focus of infection
  4. t cells differentiate into cytotoxic t cells and t memory cells
  5. several stages of mitosis occur
  6. cytotoxic t cells release perforin and or lymphotoxin
31
Q

antibody structure

A

humoral immunity- mediated by B cells, attack antigens by producing specific antibodies

five types
1. IgG (80%)
2. IgA (glandular secretions)
3. IgM
4. IgD (allergies/ sensitivities)
5. IgE

one antibody can recognise multiple different antigens due to V(D)J recombination- moves amino acid sequence so that it is complementary

32
Q

activation and clonal selection of B cells

A

recognise antigen on surface of microbe
B cell becomes activated- co-stimulation with activation by helper T cells
clonal selection
forms plasma cells which produce lots of antibodies
memory cells also formed

33
Q

primary and secondary responses

A

occurs in cell mediated and humoral
primary- IgM faster but with similar antibody conc to IgG (which is slower response)

secondary- IgG much greater conc compared to IgM
look at graph

34
Q

immunopathology

A

problems with immune system
allergy
autoimmune disease
transplant rejection
diseases of immune system- primary and secondary

35
Q

allergy

A

occur when person is overly reactive to substance that is well tolerated by most (too much IgD)
allergic reaction= tissue damage
hypersensitivity

36
Q

autoimmune disease

A

when immune disease fails to display self tolerance and instead attacks the person’s own body tissue
type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis

37
Q

transplant rejection

A

occurs as a result of the body recognising the transplanted organ or tissue as non self + mounting a specific immune response against it
treated with immunosuppressants

38
Q

disease of the immune system

A

severe combined immunodefiency syndrome
HIV/ AIDs

Anatomy + Physiology (606) (15 decks)

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