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PHYSL 372 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Why study neural respiratory control?

A
  • respiratory neurons generate a most important rhythm pivotal for oxygen supply for energy utilization (apnea and fentanyl crisis)
  • treatment of respiratory-related disease (sleep apnea. SIDS, AOP, CCHS)
  • model for structure-function relation of neural networks (respiratory networks remain active in vitro –> easy to study)
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2
Q

What is an easy way to measure inspiratory rhythm?

A

EMG electrodes attached to genioglossus mm in TONGUE

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3
Q

Why do we record EMG activity from the genioglossus muscle to assess inspiratory rhythm?

A
  • genioglossus mm CONTRACTS during inspiration to maintain/keep upper airways (pharynx) open
  • genioglossus mm innervated by CN XII hypoglassal nerve
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4
Q

Which cranial nerve is associated with inspiratory rhythm?

A

CN XII hypoglossal nerve

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5
Q

What are the 3 major medullary respiratory groups?

A
  • pontine (PRG)
  • dorsal (DRG)
  • ventral (VRG)
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6
Q

Which respiratory group contains inspiratory neurons?

A

PRG, DRG, VRG

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7
Q

Which respiratory group contains ONLY inspiratory neurons?

A

DRG

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8
Q

Which respiratory group contains expiratory neurons?

A

PRG, VRG

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9
Q

Which respiratory group contains both expiratory and inspiratory neurons?

A

PRG and VRG

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10
Q

Which respiratory group contains ONLY expiratory neurons?

A

none

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11
Q

In which brains structures of the PRG, DRG, and VRG found?

A
  • PRG in DORSAL pons
  • DRG in DORSOMEDIAL medulla
  • VRG in VENTRAL medulla
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12
Q

What is the reference point for the location of respiratory neurons?

A

obex (opening of the 4th ventricle)

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13
Q

Which respiratory group’s neurons belong to the NTS?

A

DRG

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14
Q

Which respiratory group is important for sensory integration of respiratory activity?

A

PRG and DRG

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15
Q

Which respiratory group is important for generating the primary rhythm?

A

VRG

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16
Q

What is the most important respiratory muscle?

A

diaphragm

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17
Q

Contraction of the diaphragm causes a/an ______________ in the volume of the ribcage. (increase/decrease)

This induces the _____________ phase of breathing. (inhalation/exhalation)

A

increase; inhalation

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18
Q

TRUE or FALSE: during normal breathing, exhalation is caused by contraction of the diaphragm.

A

FALSE: exhalation occurs PASSIVELY

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19
Q

What is exhalation mediated by in normal breathing?

A

recoil force of the tendons attached to the respiratory muscles (PASSIVE)

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20
Q

Which muscles are activated during active expiration?

A

abdominal muscles: rectus abdominus, external oblique, internal oblique, transverse dominus

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21
Q

Which muscles are activated during normal expiration?

A

internal intercostals

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22
Q

Which muscles are activated during inspiration?

A

external intercostals

23
Q

Which respiratory group drives the respiratory muscles?

A

VRG

24
Q

Which nerve innervates the diaphragm?

A

phrenic nerve

25
Q

What are the 3 phases of respiratory rhythm?

A
  1. inspiratory (I)
  2. pot-inspiratory (PI)
  3. active expiratory (E2)
26
Q

Which nerve is active during inspiratory rhythm? expiratory rhythm?

A
  • inspiratory = phrenic nerve
  • expiratory = intercostal nerve
27
Q

TRUE or FALSE: activation of the phrenic nerve stops abruptly after the inspiratory phase.

A

FALSE: activation increases during inspiratory phase and slowly declines during post-inspiratory phase

28
Q

TRUE or FALSE: the phrenic nerve becomes silent during the E2 phase

A

TRUE

29
Q

Which level of the spinal cord innervates the phrenic nerve? Which muscle does this nerve innervate?

A
  • C3-C6
  • diaphragm mm
30
Q

Which level of the spinal cord innervates the thoracic to intercostal nerve? Which muscle does this nerve innervate?

A
  • T1-T2
  • intercostal mm ( internal for expiratory)
31
Q

In a diagram, demonstrate the activity of the phrenic nerve vs the intercostal nerve during the 3 respiratory rhythm phases.

A

slide 4

32
Q

Which substance blocks GABAa receptors? glycine receptors?

A
  • bicuculline blocks GABAa
  • strychnine blocks glycine receptors
33
Q

Respiratory neurons in newborns already show IPSPs that cause hyperpolarization. What does this indicate?

A

respiratory network is ALREADY MATURE AT BIRTH, unlike hippocampal and cortical neural networks in which GABA and glycine evoke spontaneous rhythmic DEPOLARIZATIONS

34
Q

Within the VRG, what area is critical for rhythm generation in respiration?

A

pre-Botzinger complex

35
Q

TRUE or FALSE: the pre-botc is very thin

A

TRUE

36
Q

what kind of respiratory rhythm does the pre-BotC generate?

A

inspiratory

37
Q

TRUE or FALSE: preBotC neurons excite expiratory neurons and inhibit inspiratory neurons during the expiratory phase.

A

FALSE: excite inspiratory neurons, inhibit expiratory neurons during inspiratory phase

38
Q

TRUE or FALSE: mainly inspiratory neurons are found in the pre BotC

A

TRUE

39
Q

Which cranial nerve is related to inspiratory activity?

A

CN XII (hypoglossal)

(hint: record activity of genioglossus muscle shows)

40
Q

Inspiratory active pre-BotC neurons show rhythmic cytosolic Ca2+ ____________ (rises/falls) due to their rhythmic rhythmic ____________ (depolarizations/hyperpolarizations).

A

rises; depolarizations

41
Q

How does the addition of TRH affect Ca2+ enhanced inspiration in sighing?

A

Ca2+ rises are very regular and uniform, showing only eupnea-like inspiratory events

42
Q

What does a eupnea-like vs inspiratory sigh look like in terms of Ca2+ rises?

A
  • eupnia: small amplitude
  • sigh: large amplitude
43
Q

What is eupnea?

A

normal inspiration

44
Q

TRUE or FALSE: rhythm generation depends on mutual inhibition

A

FALSE: rhythm generation does NOT depend on mutual inhibition

45
Q

How are we able to determine that the inspiratory rhythm does not depend on GABAa and glycine receptors?

A

when strychnine and bicuculline are administered in VRG neurons, inspiratory bursting is not inhibited

46
Q

Describe the emerging network model of pre-botC rhythm generation.

A
  1. post-burst hyperpolarization: synapses silent (end of PI)
  2. recovery: endogenous activity resumes (some rhythmogenic neurons activate)
  3. recurrent excitation: positive feedback (rhythmogenic neurons stimulate their neighbours)
  4. burst: synaptic excitation evokes intrinsic currents

(cycle back to 1)

47
Q

TRUE or FALSE: inspiratory neurons are dependent on GABAergic neurons

A

FALSE: dependent on glutamatergic neurons

48
Q

What are the 2 respiratory centers that make up the dual respiratory center in mammals? Which one is inspiratory/excitatory?

A
  • preBotC = inspiratory
  • RTN (retroptrapezoid nucleus)/pFRG (parafacial respiratory group) = expiratory
49
Q

Why is the expiratory center often named RTN/pFRG?

A

pFRG area fully overlaps with RTN area which contains chemosensitive respiratory and non-respiratory neurons

50
Q

during which phase is pFRG active?

A

post-inspiratory phase

51
Q

TRUE or FALSE: opioids block inspiratory but not expiratory rhythm.

A

TRUE

52
Q

How does fentanyl affect abdominal muscle activity vs inspiratory-related airflow?

A
  • abdominals: regular pre-inspiratory bursting
  • airflow: slowed down
53
Q

which substance kills pre-BotC neurons that express NK1 subtype of substance P receptors? How does it affect breathing? When does it affect breathing?

A
  • saponin (SAP)
  • depresses inspiration during REM sleep
54
Q

TRUE or FALSE: NK1 receptor-expressing pre-BotC neurons are important for rhythm generation.

A

TRUE

PHYSL 372 (21 decks)

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