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PHYSL 372 > Claustrum > Flashcards

Claustrum Flashcards

1
Q

What does claustrum mean?

A

hidden away or “to close or shut”

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2
Q

Where is the claustrum?

A

between striatum/putamen and insula

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3
Q

Compared to the cerebral cortex what percentage of cells does the claustrum have?

A

claustrum has <1% of the cells of the cerebral cortex

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4
Q

Why is it difficult to stimulate the claustrum?

A
  • it is hidden by surrounding axon white matter tracts
  • trying to stimulate claustrum is DIFFICULT WITHOUT STIMULATING THE SURROUNDING AXONS
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5
Q

What kind of imaging can be usd to detect claustrum connections with the cortex?

A

diffusion tensor imaging

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6
Q

As a function of its volume, what brain structure is the most densely connected region?

A

claustrum

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7
Q

which parts of the brain are the claustrum axons mostly connected to?

A
  • most FRONTAL parts of cerebral cortex
  • most POSTERIOR parts of the cerebral cortex
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8
Q

Which part of the brain does the cluastrum have the strongest BIDIRECTIONAL communication with?

A

frontal cortex

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9
Q

TRUE or FALSE: there is generally a strong sensory cortex input to the claustrum

A

FALSE: weak sensory input

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10
Q

Which NT (cells) project to the claustrum?

A
  • serotonin
  • dopamine
  • ACh
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11
Q

Which part of the frontal cortex has the strongest bidirectional connection with the claustrum?

A

limbic and associative

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12
Q

List the following inputs to the claustrum from most ventral to dorsal:

  • olfactory
  • visual
  • sensory motor
  • PFC
  • auditory
A

olfactory > PFC > sensory-motor > auditory > visual

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13
Q

TRUE or FALSE: claustrum outputs are predominantly glutamatergic, so they hyperpolarize neurons

A

FALSE: yes glutamatergic, but that means they depolarize cells

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14
Q

TRUE or FALSE: frontal cortex receive input from ventral claustrum, and posterior cortex receive input from dorsal claustrum

A

FALSE:

  • FRONTAL cortex receive input from DORSAL claustrum
  • POSTERIOR cortex receive input from VENTRAL claustrum
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15
Q

TRUE or FALSE: the anatomical organization of claustrum-cortex connections is the same across species

A

FALSE: these connections are different across species

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16
Q

TRUE or FALSE:

  • in humans and primates, the claustrum has pronounced connections with the pre-motor areas of the frontal cortex
  • in rodents and cats, the claustrum has pronounced connections with the visual cortex
A

FALSE:

  • in humans, primates, and CATS, claustrum –> VISUAL CORTEX
  • in rodents, claustrum –> pre-motor areas
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17
Q

TRUE or FALSE:

  • in humans, primates, and cats, the claustrum plays a large role in vision
  • in rodents, the claustrum plays a large role in motor control
A

TRUE

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18
Q

What are the 2 subtypes of excitatory cells?

A
  • type 1 (non spiny)
  • type 2 (spiny)
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19
Q

What is the difference between type 1 and 2 excitatory cells?

A
  • type 1: non spiny; low dendritic spines; NO AP bursts
  • type 2: spiny; extensive dendrites; AP bursts
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20
Q

How do claustrum neurons respond to cortical inputs?

A

feedforward inhibition

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21
Q

Are claustrum inputs to PV cells or ClaC cells stronger?

A

inputs to PV cells stronger

22
Q

What is the best way to activate the claustrum?

A

optogenetics

23
Q

how does ChR2 allow depolarization in response to blue light?

A

increase inward sodium currents

24
Q

TRUE or FALSE: because claustrum outputs are glutamatergic, activation of the claustrum excites excitatory cells in the PFC.

A

FALSE: it is glutamatergic, but it activates INTERNEURONS that INHIBIT excitatory cells in the PFC

25
Q

TRUE or FALSE: activation of the claustrum causes inhibition of INs and activation of pyramidal cells

A

FALSE:
- inhibition of pyramidal cells
- excitation of INs

26
Q

Which type of INs allow the claustrum to generate cortical inhibition?

A

NPY interneurons

27
Q

What happens to pyramidal cell firing when NPY neurons are suppressed?

A

increase in firing

28
Q

TRUE or FALSE: the claustrum excites both the PFC and the RSP (posterior cortex)

A

FALSE:
- inhibit PFC
- excite posterior regions

29
Q

What does RSP stand for and where is it in the brain? Is it excited or inhibited by the claustrum?

A
  • retrosplenial cortex
  • located at posterior regions of the cortex
  • excited by the claustrum
30
Q

How does the frontal cortex modulate the posterior cortex?

A

connected by the claustrum

31
Q

TRUE or FALSE: activation of the LEFT frontal anterior cingulate cortex activate claustrum neurons projecting to the RIGHT visual cortex

A

TRUE

32
Q

what kind of waves does the claustrum-stimulate waves look like?

A

slow wave sleep

33
Q

Are claustrum cells more active during sleep or during awak?

A

during sleep

34
Q

What kind of memories are thought to be consolidated or stabilized during sleep?

A

episodic

35
Q

Since claustrum cells are active during slow wave sleep, what does this imply.

A

It may also play a role in memory consolidation, which happens during slow wave sleep

36
Q

In associative learning, when do claustrum cells start to increase their firing?

A

during the CS (e.g. during the tone presented before the puff of air)

37
Q

TRUE or FALSE: lesioning the claustrum increased learning of the CS-CR response

A

FALSE: decreased learning

38
Q

TRUE or FALSE: if the claustrum is inhibited, mother mice are much quicker to retrieve their pups

EXPLAIN.

A

FALSE: if claustrum inhibited, mother mice take MUCH LONGER to retrieve their pups

this is because the claustrum is involved in “ignoring” sensory stimuli that are not deemed important for the task

39
Q

What kind of opioid receptors are mainly found on claustrum cells?

A

kappa opioid receptors

40
Q

which drug activates kappa opioid receptors? What is the active compound?

A
  • salvia
  • salvinorin A (active)
41
Q

Does salvia binding to kappa opioid receptors cause presynaptic inhibition or excitation of release of NTs?

A

inhibition

42
Q

What are the symptoms or taking salvia?

A

intense hallucinations; delirium; sleep-like state; detachment from reality

43
Q

Is salvia a kappa opioid agonist or antagonist?

A

agonist

44
Q

Does salvia enhance or inhibit release of NTs?

A

inihibit

45
Q

Which NT does salvia affect? How does it affect its release?

A

REDUCES release of GLUTAMATE

46
Q

Besides kappa opioid recrptors, which other receptor is largely found in the claustrum?

A

serotonergic 5HT2A receptors

47
Q

Which drug can activate 5HT2A receptors?

A

psilocybin

48
Q

What are the symptoms of taking psilocybin?

A

hallucination, euphoria, changes in perception

49
Q

What is the effect of psilocybin the PFC?

A

increase spine density

50
Q

TRUE or FALSE: psilocybin effects are long-lasting

A

TRUE

51
Q

Does psilocybin increase or decrease claustrum activity?

A

decrease claustrum activity (increase PFC activity b/c claustrum inhibits PFC)

PHYSL 372 (21 decks)

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