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PHYSL 372 > Neural Prostheses 2 > Flashcards

Neural Prostheses 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are neuroprostheses (NPs)? What is this approach called?

A
  • electronic devices that stimulate nerves to improve bodily functions lost as a result of PNS or CNS damage
  • this approach is called FES or FNS
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2
Q

What are the basic components of FES?

A
  • power supplies (external or implanted)
  • control circuit
  • lead wires, connectors
  • electrodes
  • sensors
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3
Q

Electrodes act as a _____________, delivering electrical charge from a power supply to the tissue

A

conductor

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4
Q

When does charge transfer occur?

A

when voltage applied between active and reference electrodes generates an ELECTRIC FIELD, in turn forcing electrical charge to flow

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5
Q

TRUE or FALSE: stimulation to the nerves requires much larger charge densities than to muscle fibers

A

FALSE: SMALLER charge densities

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6
Q

What is the advantage of implanted FES devices?

A

targeted application with SMALLER CURRENT DENSITIES used

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7
Q

What are some conditions that may benefit from neuroptostheses?

A
  • hearing loss due to damaged inner ear
  • SCI
  • stroke
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8
Q

TRUE or FALSE: SCI affects mostly young and older adults, usually male

A

TRUE

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9
Q

In FES for upper extremity functional restoration, muscle contractions can be orchestrated to produce what 3 motor actions?

A
  1. handgrip
  2. hold and release cylinder
  3. lateral gripping for thin objects
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10
Q

To maximize function, what can FES for upper extremity functional restoration be coupled with?

A

tendon transfer surgery

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11
Q

What are some examples of surface stimulation devices for FES for upper extremity functional restoration?

A
  • bionic glove
  • myndmove
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12
Q

What is an example of an implanted device for FES for upper extremity functional restoration?

A

the freehand system

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13
Q

where are surface electrodes placed in the bionic glove?

A

hand and forearm

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14
Q

How does the bionic glove work?

A
  • stimulation triggered by movements, which are detected by a sensor
  • extension of handle –> gripping
  • flexion –> opening of hand
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15
Q

How does the Freehand system work? What level of injury is it used for?

A
  • stimulator implanted in chest wall, connected to electrodes implanted on the motor points of the arm and hand muscles
  • C5 complete injury
  • contralateral shoulder motion causes hand opening and closing
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16
Q

TRUE or FALSE: the freehand system is still in the market

A

FALSE

17
Q

How does the MyndMove work?

A
  • multi-channel system using ONE stimulator
  • surface electrodes along the upper extremity can generate complex function movements
18
Q

Surface neuroprostheses that enhance _____ may be helpful to persons with SCI with a ___________ by causing ankle ________________ when sensors are triggered.

A

gait; foot-drop; dorsi-flexion

19
Q

What are some examples of FES for lower extremity functional restoration to enhance gait?

A
  • Bioness L300
  • Walkaide
20
Q

What are some examples of FES for lower extremity functional restoration to enable exercise training?

A

FES cycling

21
Q

For FES for lower extremity functional restoration, IMPLANTED neuroprostheses may be useful for persons with ________ level SCI, with _____________ ________________ of the lower extremity muscels enabling ___________ and __________.

A

thoracic, stimulated contractions, standing, stepping

22
Q

What can power the sit-to-stand transition and support the body vertically against collapse?

A
  • 8+ channels of continuous stim to the knee, hip, and trunk extensors
23
Q

What areas of the body should you use continuous stim on to assist in posture?

A

trunk and hips

24
Q

What are 2 ways to achieve diaphragm contraction through neuroprostheses?

A
  1. phrenic nerve stim
  2. directly stimulate the motor points in the diaphragm
25
Q

Does phrenic or diaphragmatic stimulation potentially cause direct nerve injury and have a longer recovery time?

A

phrenic

26
Q

Stronger cough can be restored in persons with ___________ and ___________ level injuries through spinal cord stim with surgically implanted electrodes between ___ and ___.

A

cervical; thoracic; T9, T11

27
Q

Implanted neuroprostheses have been developed to provide stimulation to ____________ nerve roots in order to control bladder contraction

A

sacral

28
Q

TRUE or FALSE: bladder after SCI involves loss of excitatory control

A

FALSE: loss of inhibitory control

29
Q

What is the main approach for bladder control restoration? What is the main drawback?

A
  • sacral anterior root stimulator implant (SARSI)
  • drawback: dorsal rhizotomy to decrease sensory afferent to the spinal cord
30
Q

What kind of stim can be used for gait restoration?

A

intraspinal microstimulation (ISMS)

31
Q

Describe intraspinal microstimulation (ISMS). WHere is it implanted? How does it work?

A
  • implant ultrafine microwires into the anterior horn of the lumbar enlargement
  • single electrode stimulates a synergistic group of muscles
32
Q

What animal model has been used to test ISMS?

A

cat model

33
Q

What is the main method used to restore autonomic cardiovascular function after SCI?

A

transcutaneous stim over spinal cord to restore blood pressure

34
Q

What is the main method used to prevent pressure injuries after SCI? What is an example of a device that can do this?

A
  • surface and implanted stim
  • Smart-e-pants
35
Q

How do the Smart-e-pants work? What is its purpose?

A
  • purpose: pressure injury prevention
  • intermittent electrical stim (IES) of the GLUTEUS MAXIMUS through SURFACE STIM
  • this redistributes pressure, improves tissue oxygen, and reduces deformation of muscle tissues

PHYSL 372 (21 decks)

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