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PHYSL 372 > CNS Development > Flashcards

CNS Development Flashcards

1
Q

Which structures human embryonic disk are relevant for embryonic development?

A

primitive streak and Hensen’s knot

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2
Q

Which structure connects the human embryonic disk to the uterus?

A

body stalk

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3
Q

what are the 2 bubbles of the human embryonic disk? What do these bubbles contain?

A

allantois (containing yolk sac) and amnion (containing ectoderm)

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4
Q

label the human embryonic disc diagrams

A

see slides 1 and 2

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5
Q

Which animal is neurulation in humans similar to?

A

chicks

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6
Q

What is the first step of neurulation?

A

embryonic disc folds into the neural groove

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7
Q

how many days does neurulation take in chicks? humans? (i.e. when does the neural tube fully close?)

A
  • chicks: 1 day
  • humans: 24 days
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8
Q

why does the embryonic disc narrow firstly in the central region during neurulation?

A
  • LATERAL EPITHELIAL CELLS in that area proliferate very fast and push the neural crest toward the center of the disc
  • MESODERMAL CELLS proliferate fast and fill the space between the ectoderm and endoderm, causing neural crest cells from both sides to meet in the central region
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9
Q

TRUE or FALSE: the neural crest differentiates into the CNS and the neural tube differentiates into the PNS

A

FALSE: neural crest becomes PNS and neural tube becomes CNS

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10
Q

What is the notochord’s function initially? finally?

A
  • initial: mechanically stabilize tissue (between neural groove and endoderm)
  • final: release factors to signal for neural tube cell differentiation
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11
Q

what do the mesodermal somites show in the final stage of neurulation?

A

transversal segmentation

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12
Q

what results when the neural tube does not close at the anterior end?

A
  • anencephaly
  • forebrain and skull do not develop
  • stillborn baby (lethal)
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13
Q

what results when the neural tube does not close at the posterior end?

A
  • spina bifida
  • major functional deficits such as dysfunctional motor control or epilepsy
  • baby can survive if only lowermost part of spinal cord is affected (non-lethal)
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14
Q

is spina bifida lethal?

A

no

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15
Q

is anencephaly lethal?

A

yes

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16
Q

what is a non-inherited way of getting spina bifida?

A

dietary deficits in cholesterol or folate (i.e. folic acid or vitamin B9)

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17
Q

Which endogenous ectodermal protein is pivotal for neural tube closure?

A

N-cadherin

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18
Q

which part of the neural tube produces N-cadherin? E-cadherin? What is the function? What does each signal for?

A
  • N-cadherin produced by neural plate; signal for neural plate proliferation
  • E-cadherin produced by presumptive epidermis (lateral); signal for epidermal proliferation
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19
Q

What occurs when presumptive epidermal cells are manipulated to genearte both N-cadhrein and E-cadherin?

A

one side of the neural tube does not enfold –> therefore tube cannot close

(i.e. signalling molecules are VERY IMPORTANT for CNS development)

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20
Q

What does the optic cup form later on?

A

retina

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21
Q

where does majority of the proliferation occur?

A

telencephalon, diencephalon, optic vesicles

(i.e. forebrain)

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22
Q

draw slides 6-8

A

draw

23
Q

which part of the telencephalon has a thicker cell layer?

A

ventrolateral (adjacent to diencephalon)

24
Q

draw development of antenatal forebrain

A

see slide 8

25
Q

what does the diencephalon differentiate into?

A

hypothalamus and thalamus

26
Q

Describe the thalamus relay sensory path for the eyes.

A

eye –> thalamus –> cerebral cortex

27
Q

Describe the thalamus relay sensory path for the ears.

A

ear –> interneuron? –> thalamus –> cerebral cortex

28
Q

Describe the thalamus relay sensory path for the skin.

A

skin alpha neuron –> interneuron? –> thalamus –> cerebral cortex

29
Q

draw the development of the spinal cord tissue differentiation

A

see slide 9

30
Q

What does the central aspect of the spinal cord tissue comprise of?

A

neuronal cell bodies (somata) and astrocytic glial cells surrounding the spinal/central canal (grey matter)

31
Q

TRUE or FALSE: dorsal horn contains sensory tracts and the ventral horn contains motor tracts

A

TRUE

32
Q

what is the name for a progenitor cell that develops into a neuron?

A

neuroblast

33
Q

what type of neurons does the intermediate zone of the spinal cord contain?

A

interneurons (for locomotion and reflexes)

34
Q

Describe the differentiation process of a neuroblast.

A
  1. develop very large and complex dendritic tree via which info is received
  2. axon branches out (may look like dendritic tree)
35
Q

What are the paracrine signaling factors of the spinal cord?

A
  • Shh (sonic hedgehog)
  • TGF (tumor growth factor)
  • BMP (bone morphogenic protein)
36
Q

Which part of the neural tube secretes Shh? Where do they diffuse into?

A

notochord –> floor plate

37
Q

Which part of the neural tube secretes BMP? Where does it diffuse into

A

ectoderm –> roof plate

38
Q

Draw a diagram to describe how signalling factors affect neural tube differentiation.

A

see slide 10

39
Q

Describe how signaling factors affect neural tube differentiation.

A
  1. Shh secreted from notochord; BMP secreted from ectoderm
  2. Shh diffuse into floor plate; BMP diffuse into roof plate
  3. Shh causes snowball effect leading to release of other factors from the roof plate: TGF family (BMP 4, 5, 7, Dorsalin, Activin –> BMP7, Dorsalin, Activin –> Dorsalin, Activin)
  4. Shh gradient and TGF gradient formed
40
Q

Draw protein expression and transcription factors

A

slide 10
top: TGF
middle: Shh
bottom: motor neurons

41
Q

What do radial glial cells eventually develop into?

A

astrocytes

42
Q

what are the zones of the telencephalon wall at the beginning of neuronal migration.

A

ventricular zone, subventricular zone, intermediate zone, cortical plate, marginal zone

43
Q

In which layer of the telencephalon wall do neurons first differentiate?

A

subventricular zone

44
Q

What ion channels are found on the leading process of a migrating neuron?

A

Ca2+ channels

45
Q

What ion channels are found on the trailing process of a migrating neuron?

A

K+ channels

46
Q

What do migrating neurons travel along?

A

radial glial cell process

47
Q

What is the development order of the final layers of the cerebral cortex?

A

VI –> V –> IV –> III –> II –> I

48
Q

Why is the development of the cerebral cortex layers called “inside-out”?

A

younger neurons do not attach to older layers from the inside, but migrate through these old layer to the outside of the cortex

49
Q

Which layer of the cerebral cortex contains NO neurons? What does it contain instead? What is its function?

A
  • layer I
  • epithelial and glial cells
  • isolates cells from fluid
50
Q

Which layer of the cerbral cortex contains axons?

A

white matter

51
Q

Which ion plays a major role in cell division?

A

Ca2+

52
Q

Which ion plays a major role in cell migration?

A

Ca2+

53
Q

Describe the events and role of Ca2+ in cell proliferation.

A
  1. progenitor cells divide to form a neuroblast layer
  2. neuroblasts become active and secrete GABA (inhibitory)
  3. during development, GABA is excitatory and depolarizes progenitor cells
  4. depolarization causes influx of cytosolic Ca2+
  5. Ca2+ rise STOPS proliferation of progenitor cells
54
Q

Describe the events and role of Ca2+ in neuroblast migration.

A
  1. SST stimulates migration via fast Ca2+ rises
  2. cells move to granule layer
  3. SST stops migration via SLOWING Ca2+ rises, in order to make the granule neurons stay in the granule cell layer

PHYSL 372 (21 decks)

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