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Biology 11 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do we breathe?

A

To EXCHANGE GAS.

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2
Q

What do we inhale and what do we exhale?

A

We INHALE O2 (oxygen) and EXHALE CO2 (carbon dioxide).

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3
Q

Why is gas exchange necessary?

A

It allows our body to convert oxygen into ENERGY through CELLULAR RESPIRATION (so we can breathe!).

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4
Q

What are the 4 functions of the Respiratory System?

A

EXCHANGE O2 with CO2, DEFEND BODY against invasion (against microorganisms), PRODUCES SOUND, and assists in CONTROL of BLOOD PH (increase CO2=lower pH).

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5
Q

What is the path that air takes through the body?

A

Oral/ Nasal Cavity, Pharynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli (Rib Cage, Diaphragm, Lungs, and Pleura).

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6
Q

What is the Nasal Cavity?

A

A HOLLOW PASSAGEWAY lined with HAIR, CILIA, mucus producing cells, and CAPILLARIES.

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7
Q

What do Hairs do in the Nasal Cavity?

A

They FILTER larger DUST particles.

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8
Q

What does Mucus do in the Nasal Cavity?

A

TRAPS DUST particles and MOISTENS AIR.

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9
Q

What do the Cilia do in the Nasal Cavity?

A

They SWEEP MUCUS with dust particles towards the pharynx.

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10
Q

What do Capillaries do in the Nasal Cavity?

A

They WARM up air (the blood).

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11
Q

What does the Pharynx (throat) do?

A

TAKES AIR FROM the NOSE TO THE TRACHEA and food from the mouth to the esophagus. This is where the bodies IMMUNE DEFENCES are found.

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12
Q

What is the Epiglottis?

A

The FLAP that COVERS the TRACHEA when you swallow. It PREVENTS food from ENTERING the trachea while eating.

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13
Q

What is the Larynx (voice box)?

A

A hollow tube of THIN CARTILAGE that contains vocal cords that VIBRATE as air moves through the trachea, which PRODUCES SOUND.

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14
Q

What is the Trachea (windpipe)?

A

A rigid tube of THIN CARTILAGE that allows air to pass FROM the PHARYNX to BRONCHI. It is lined with CILIA and CARTILAGE RINGS.

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15
Q

What do Cilia do in the Trachea?

A

They MOVE foreign particles UP and OUT

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16
Q

What do Cartilage Rings do in the Trachea?

A

They provide STRUCTURE to the Trachea so it does NOT COLLAPSE.

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17
Q

What are the Lungs?

A

SPONGY, AIR FILLED SACS.

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18
Q

What do the Lungs consist of?

A

The Lungs consist of LOBES. THREE on the RIGHT and TWO on the LEFT.

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19
Q

What are the Right Lung Lobes?

A

SUPERIOR (upper), MIDDLE, and INFERIOR (lower) lobe.

20
Q

What are the Left Lung Lobes?

A

SUPERIOR (upper), and INFERIOR (lower) lobe.

21
Q

What are the Bronchi?

A

The TWO ‘pathways’ that lead to each LUNG from the trachea (carry air). They are lined with CILIA (beat upwards) and divide into smaller BRONCHIOLES (bring that air to the ALVEOLI).

22
Q

What do the Alveoli do?

A

They are AIR SACS that allow for GAS EXCHANGE by taking IN OXYGEN into the bloodstream and letting OUT CARBON DIOXIDE. The Alveoli membrane MUST be moist.

23
Q

How does Gas Exchange occur in the lungs?

A

Through DIFFUSION.

24
Q

What is Diffusion?

A

The Movement of particles from an area of HIGH concentration to an area of LOW concentration.

25
Q

What is the Pleura?

A

The ‘LUNG LINING’ is a two-layered MEMBRANE with fluid lubricating between them. It allows the lungs to MOVE FREELY in the chest cavity.

26
Q

What is the Diaphram?

A

A thin layer of MUSCLE at the bottom of the ribcage that MOVES UP and DOWN to change the VOLUME of the RIBCAGE.

27
Q

What are the 4 Stages of Respiration?

A

VENTILATION/ breathing, EXTERNAL respiration, INTERNAL respiration, and CELLULAR respiration.

28
Q

What is Ventilation?

A

Involves INHALATION and EXHALATION through the lungs (Stage of Respiration).

29
Q

What is External Respiration?

A

The EXCHANGE of gases between ALVEOLI and the BLOOD (Stage of Respiration).

30
Q

What is Internal Respiration?

A

The EXCHANGE of gases between the BLOOD and individual CELLS. The oxygen diffuses OUT and the carbon dioxide diffuses IN (Stage of Respiration).

31
Q

What is Cellular Respiration?

A

In the MITOCHONDRIA where OXYGEN is used to MAKE ATP (Stage of Respiration).

32
Q

What are the 4 Non-Respiratory Air Movements?

A

Cough, Sneeze, Hiccup, and Yawn.

33
Q

How does Coughing work?

A

Done to CLEAR the LOWER respiratory TRACT. The EPIGLOTTIS OPENS suddenly and air RUSHES UPWARD through the oral cavity.

34
Q

How does Sneezing work?

A

Done to CLEAR the UPPER respiratory TRACT. The oral cavity is CLOSED OFF from the pharynx and air is EXPELLED through the NASAL CAVITY.

35
Q

How do Hiccups work?

A

When there are SPASMS IN THE DIAPHRAGM that cause sudden inspirations. The sound occurs from the air hitting vocal folds

36
Q

How does a Yawn work?

A

It is a deep inspiration that is BELIEVED to INCREASE OXYGEN IN BLOOD but is still a MYSTERY.

37
Q

What are the 4 requirements for Gas Exchange?

A

The respiratory SURFACE must be MOIST (prevents dehydration), there must be a DIFFERENCE in PARTIAL PRESSURE OF THE GASES on either side of the surface (how particles move), the surfaces must have a LARGE SURFACE AREA (folded surfaces-alveoli), and a CIRCULATORY SYSTEM should be CONNECTED to the respiratory system.

38
Q

What is Tonsillitis (causes, symptoms, treatment)?

A

INFLAMMATION of tonsils
Causes: bacterial or viral INFECTION of tonsils
Symptoms: red, SWOLLEN TONSILS, sore throat, fever, etc.
Treatments: surgically REMOVED

39
Q

What is Laryngitis (causes, symptoms, treatment)?

A

INFLAMMATION of larynx
Causes: VIRUS, OVERSTRAIN of the voice
Symptoms: HOARSENESS, sore/ weak voice
Treatments: rest, drink fluids, avoid use

40
Q

What is Bronchitis (causes, symptoms, treatment)?

A

INFLAMMATION of bronchi
Causes: virus, smoking, air pollution
Symptoms: INFLAMMATION of the bronchi
Treatment: rest, drink fluids, cough medicine, no smoking

41
Q

What is Asthma (causes, symptoms, treatment)?

A

Causes: pollen, dust, smoke, viruses, passed down predisposition
Symptoms: INFLAMMATION of the bronchi or bronchioles
Treatments: bronchodilators, anti-inflammatories

42
Q

What is Pneumonia (causes, symptoms, treatment)?

A

Causes: INFLAMMATION and fluid BUILD-UP in the alveoli (from bacteria or viruses). Either lobular or bronchial
Symptoms: cough, fever, shortness of breath
Treatments: antibiotics, antivirals, vaccines

43
Q

What is Emphysema (causes, symptoms, treatment)?

A

Causes: smoking and airborne irritants
Symptoms: walls of the alveoli LOSE their ELASTICITY, which REDUCES respiratory SURFACE for gas exchange
Treatments: antibiotics, antivirals, vaccines

44
Q

What is Cystic Fibrosis (causes, symptoms, treatment)?

A

Causes: genetic
Symptoms: CELLS’ lining in the airway RELEASE MUCUS that CLOGS the lungs
Treatments: mucus-thinning medications, antibiotics, no cure

45
Q

What is Lung Cancer (causes, symptoms, treatment)?

A

Causes: smoking (second hand smoke)
Symptoms: UNCONTROLLED CELL DIVISION, cough, difficulty breathing, chest pain, loss of appetite

Biology 11 (7 decks)

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