Culminating Flashcards
What is a Dichotomous Key?
A key that contains a series of CHOICES that lead the user to the correct name of an ORGANISM. There are always TWO choices, each question guides us to another PAIR of questions.
What are important things to remember when making a Dichotomous Key?
Be SPECIFIC, YES/NO questions, start with splitting up LARGE groups.
How many steps will a Dichotomous Key have?
ONE LESS than the amount of organisms.
How could you form a question with shoes with heels and without heels?
1a: Shoes have heels (go to 2), 1b: Shoes don’t have heels (go to 4).
What does a Phylogenic Tree trace?
Traces RELATIONSHIPS between ENTIRE species (shows TIME between acquired traits).
What do organisms in a Phylogenic Tree have in common?
All descendants of a COMMOM ANCESTOR, relations based on PHYSICAL and GENETIC characteristics (similar and different).
What does the ‘root’ and ‘branches’ of a Phylogenic Tree represent?
The root is the common ANCESTOR, the branches are the DESCENDANTS.
Which direction shows going forward in time on a Phylogenic Tree?
Going from the ROOT to the TIP.
What is Speciation?
A NEW species is formed when a LINEAGE SPLITS. New traits develop.
What can cause Speciation?
Evolution, Geographic Isolation, etc.
What is a Clade?
A TAXONOMIC GROUP that includes a COMMON ANCESTOR and ALL its descendants.
What are Cladograms?
DIAGRAMS that depict the relationships between different CLADES.
What are the two virus structures?
Bacteriophage (spider-like) and Influenza (generic ‘virus’).
What does a Bacteriophage consist of?
Capsid (protein coat), Genetic Material (DNA or RNA within capsid), Sheath (‘body cover’), Tail Fibres.
What does an Influenza consist of?
Capsid, Genetic Material (RNA within capsid), Membrane Envelope (outer part).
How do viruses compare to living things?
They are NOT as COMPLEX.
What do bacteria consist of?
Genetic Material (DNA or RNA) and a Protective Protein Coat (a Capsid).
What does the structure of Bacteria consist of (8)?
Cell Wall, Cell Membrane, Cytoplasm, Ribosome, Genetic Material, Plasmid, Pilli, and Flagella.
What does the Cell Wall do?
SUPPORTS and PROTECTS contents of the cell,
What does the Cell Membrane do?
Controls PASSAGE of MATERIALS into the cell.
What does the Cytoplasm do?
Contains RIBOSOMES.
What do Ribosomes do?
SYNTHESIZE proteins.
What is Genetic Material?
DNA/ chromosome (simgle-loop).
What does Plasmid do?
Provides bacteria with ADVANTAGES (antibiotic resistance).
What do Pilli do?
Hair like projection, CONNECT bacteria and allow the TRANSFER of PLASMID.
What does the Flagella do?
Enables bacteria MOVEMENT.
What are the stages of Mitosis?
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (P-MAT).
What happens in Prophase?
Centrioles MOVE to OPPOSITE ides of the nucleus, Chromatin condense into CHROMOSOMES. Nuclear MEMBRANE BREAKS down (start). SPINDLE FIBRES form out of centrioles (forming an aster shape), Spindle fibres ATTACH TO CHROMATIDS at the centromere.
What happens in Metaphase?
MIDDLE. Chromosomes LINE UP at the EQUATOR (metaphase plate). Centromeres ATTACH to spindle fibres. Nuclear membrane GONE.
What happens in Anaphase?
AWAY. Spindle fibres SHORTEN. Chromosomes SEPARATE at the CENTROMERE and become two identical CHROMATIDS.
What happens in Mid Anaphase?
Chromatids SEPARATE and MOVE to opposite POLES.
What happens in Late Anaphase?
Chromatids ARRIVE at opposite sides of cell.
What happens in Telophase?
Nuclear Membrane REAPPEARS. Chromosomes appear as thin chromatin again. Spindle Fibres DISAPPEAR. DAUGHTER CELL created. (EARLY). Cell Membrane PINCHES in. (LATE).
What happens in Cytokinesis?
CLEAVAGE FURROW separates the cells. Cell Division is COMPLETE.
What is it called when a Karyotype is missing a chromosome?
Monosomy.
What is it called when a Karyotype has an extra chromosome?
Trisomy.
What is Down Syndrome (Karyotype)?
Trisomy 21 (extra chromosome at position 21).
What is Turner Syndrome (Karyotype)?
Single X chromosome. Females only.
What is Klinefelter Syndrome (Karyotype)?
XXY sex chromosome. Males only.
What determines sex when using a Karyotype?
The X and Y chromosomes (XX is girl, XY is boy).
What happens in Prophase 1?
Centrioles MOVE to opposite POLES. Spindle fibres FORM. Chromosomes are VISIBLE. Nuclear membrane BREAKS DOWN (starts). SYNAPSIS and CROSSING OVER occurs.
What is Synapsis?
Chromosomes line up with their HOMOLOGOUS PAIR (same gene sequence) forming a TETRAD.
What is Crossing Over?
Genetic information is EXCHANGED between tetrads. Creates genetic variation.
What happens in Metaphase 1?
Tetrads line up randomly on equator (INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT). Spindle fibres attach to PAIRS of chromatids.
What happens in Anaphase 1?
Chromosome PAIRS are separated and fibres shorten. Sister chromatids STAY together.
What happens in Telophase 1?
Nuclear membrane REFORMS. Spindle fibres RETRACT. CLEAVAGE FURROW starts.
What happens in Prophase 2?
Nuclear membrane BREAKS DOWN (start). Spindle fibres FORM. Centrioles MOVE to POLES.
What happens in Metaphase 2?
Chromosome pairs ALIGN along EQUATOR. Spindle fibres ATTACH. Chromatids NO LONGER IDENTICAL (from crossing over).
What happens in Anaphase 2?
Spindle fibres pull chromatids APART.
What happens in Telophase 2?
Nuclear membrane REAPPEARS. Chromosomes uncoil. Spindle fibres disappear.
What are the result of Meiosis?
4 haploid gamete (reproductive) cells.
What are the 3 major types of DNA mutations?
Base-pair substitution, Insertion, and Deletion.
What is Base-Pair Substitution?
One base is REPLACED with a different one: ACA to AGA.
What is Insertion?
One or more bases are INSERTED during the COPYING PROCESS: ACA to ATCA.
What is Deletion?
One or more bases are DELETED during the COPYING PROCESS: ACA to AA.
What are the 3 evidences for Evolution?
Biogeography, Evidence from Anatomy, and Evidence from Embryology.
What is Biogeography?
The study of the GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION of organisms.
What are the types of Geographic Distribution?
CLOSELY related but DIFFERENT, or DISTANTLY related but SIMILAR.
What are the 3 evidences of Evolution from anatomy?
Homologous, Analogous, and Vestigial Features.
What is a Homologous Feature?
A feature with a COMMON origin that may have a DIFFERENT USE now (human vs
elephant arm).
What is an Analogous Feature?
A feature with the SAME FUNCTION but a DIFFERENT origin or structure (butterfly vs bat wings).
What is a Vestigial Feature?
Features we have now that are NO LONGER IN USE (wisdom teeth, appendix).
What is the evidence of Evolution from Embryology?
Embryos of CLOSELY related organisms have SIMILAR STAGES in development. Eg. all vertebrates (humans, chicken, fish) have a short, bony TAIL and GILL SLITS as an embryo.
Explain the peppered moth lab and how it relates to Natural Selection.
When the trees are WHITE, the WHITE moths are HIDDEN from predators and have a HIGHER reproductive success. They live and make more white moths, while the black ones die. And vice versa.
What are the 3 types of Selection?
Stabilizing, Directional, and Disruptive Selection.
What is Stabilizing Selection?
The AVERAGE phenotype is FAVOURED by the environment (human birth weight).
What is Directional Selection?
When individuals at ONE END of a phenotype are FAVOURED (giraffe necks-long necks).
What is Disruptive Selection?
When individuals at OPPOSITE EXTREMES are FAVOURED (clam size-small ones can’t be opened by predators, large ones are too big).
What is a Reproductive Barrier?
Any MECHANISM that PREVENTS two species from producing FERTILE/ VIABLE OFFSPRING.
What are the 2 groups of Reproductive/ Biological Barriers?
Pre-zygotic and Post-zygotic barriers.
What are the 5 Reproductive barriers?
Temporal, Ecological, Behavioural, Mechanical, and Gametic Isolation.
What is Temporal Isolation?
Species mate at DIFFERENT TIMES (of day, season, year). Eg. skunk
What is Ecological Isolation?
Species live in DIFFERENT HABITATS. Eg. grass vs woodland snake
What is Behavioural Isolation?
SIGNALS or BEHAVIOURS that are specific to a species. Eg. bird song
What is Mechanical Isolation?
Species are ANATOMICALLY INCOMPATIBLE.
What is Gametic Isolation?
When gametes from different species MEET, the zygote does NOT FORM (chemicals on egg ca reject sperm).
