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Biology 11 > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Evolution?

A

The PROCESSES that have TRANSFORMED life on Earth to what it is today through a change in GENES (adaptations). Allows for DIVERSITY.

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2
Q

Microevolution vs Macroevolution?

A

Micro is a gene frequency and phenotype trait WITHIN a species (SHORT term). Macro is the creation of a NEW species or taxa (LONG term-millenia).

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3
Q

What leads to Microevolution?

A

Genetic Mutations and Artificial Selection.

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4
Q

3 types of Genetic Mutations?

A

Insertion, Deletion, and Inversion.

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5
Q

What is Insertion?

A

(genetic mutation) ADDING a piece of DNA.

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6
Q

What is Deletion?

A

(genetic mutation) REMOVING a piece of DNA.

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7
Q

What is Inversion?

A

(genetic mutation) A section of DNA is REVERSED.

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8
Q

What is Artificial Selection?

A

CONTROLLED breeding where desired traits are chosen as parents for the F1 generation. It is NOT a natural process (“selective breeding”).

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9
Q

What are the pro’s of Artificial Selection?

A

Traits can be achieved that are BEYOND natural variability (more possibilities).

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10
Q

What are the con’s of Artificial Selection?

A

Can REDUCE GENETIC DIVERSITY and is LIMITED by genetic variability of a population.

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11
Q

Review natural vs artificial mechanisms in 1B

A

:)

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12
Q

What are fossils?

A

RELICS or IMPRESSIONS of past organisms PRESERVED in rock (sand and mud-sedimentary).

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13
Q

What are fossils used for?

A

To get INFORMATION on EXTINCT species (can determine age, evolution).

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14
Q

How do fossils point to evolution?

A

SIMPLE organisms are found at ALL depths (organisms used to be simpler until they evolved) and COMPLEX organisms that RESEMBLE CURRENT ONES are found at SHALLOWER depths.

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15
Q

What did Lamarck challenge?

A

Life is unchanging.

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16
Q

What did Lamarck propose?

A

Lamarck proposed that species EVOLVE, and INHERITANCE of ACQUIRED TRAITS.

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17
Q

What is Inheritance of Acquired Traits?

A

Process that organisms develop traits based on what they DO or DON’T use and pass it down to offspring (doesn’t make sense with DNA). Animals have a tendency TOWARDS PERFECTION.

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18
Q

What is Darwin known for?

A

The Theory of Natural Selection.

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19
Q

What is Adaptation?

A

When an organism ADJUSTS (by a MUTATION) to a NEW environment.

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20
Q

What is Variation and an example?

A

Variation is a difference WITHIN a species. Ex. jackrabbit (big ears to radiate heat) vs snowshoe hare (thick fur), who are both rabbits.

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21
Q

What is Survival of the Fittest?

A

Individuals with BEST-SUITED traits for their environment SURVIVE.

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22
Q

How does Survival of the Fittest relate to Natural Selection?

A

It is the way Natural Selection works (same thing).

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23
Q

What are the 3 main factors that drive Natural Selection?

A

Struggle for Existence, Natural Variation, and Role of Environment.

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24
Q

What is Struggle for Existence?

A

Members of a species COMPETE due to too many of them existing (lack of resources).

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25
Q

What is Natural Variation?

A

DIFFERENCES within the SAME species (mutations).

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26
Q

What is Role of Environment?

A

PICKS individuals with the BEST-SUITED adaptations for their environment.

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27
Q

What are the evidence for Evolution?

A

Biogeography, Anatomy, and Embryology.

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28
Q

What is Biogeography?

A

The scientific STUDY of the GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION of organisms based on living SPECIES and FOSSILS.

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29
Q

What are the types of Geographic Distribution?

A

Closely related, but different and distantly related, but similar.

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30
Q

What is ‘closely related, but different’?

A

Descendants of the SAME species have DIFFERENT ADAPTATIONS due to their different habitats.

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31
Q

What is ‘distantly related, but similar’?

A

Descendants of DIFFERENT species that are SIMILAR due to SHARING a HABITAT (similar adaptations).

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32
Q

What are the 3 Anatomical Features that are evidence for Evolution?

A

Homologous, Analogous, and Vestigial Features.

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33
Q

What is a Homologous Feature?

A

Structure with a COMMON ORIGIN, but DIFFERENT uses NOW (bat wings and human arms).

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34
Q

What is an Analogous Feature?

A

The SAME feature/ purpose, but DIFFERENT ORIGINS to the feature (bat vs butterfly wings).

35
Q

What is a Vestigial Feature?

A

Features present that we NO LONGER USE (appendix, wisdom teeth).

36
Q

What is Comparative Development?-embryos

A

When SIMILAR species have SIMILAR developmental STAGES (all vertebrate embryos have a short tail and gill slits at the start).

37
Q

What evidence supports Natural Selection?

A

Artificial Selection and Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria.

38
Q

What is Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria?

A

After Darwin’s time, the Theory of Natural Selection PREDICTED evolution of ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE.

39
Q

What is an example of Artificial Selection?

A

Dog Breeding.

40
Q

What is an example of Antibiotic resistance in Bacteria?

A

Pesticide resistance in some insects.

41
Q

What is Natural Selection?

A

Is what FAVOURS REPRODUCTIVE SUCESS of some individuals, which then LEADS TO EVOLUTION.

42
Q

What is the Theory of Natural Selection?

A

The CHANGE in population over generations as ADVANTAGEOUS TRAITS become more COMMON.

43
Q

What does “fitness” mean?

A

Reffers to REPRODUCTIVE SUCESS.

44
Q

What are some examples of Adaptations?

A

Long necks on giraffes, camouflage, echolocation (bats).

45
Q

What are the 4 conditions for Natural Selection?

A

Variation, Selective Pressure or Competition, Survival of the Fittest, and Gradual Change.

46
Q

What is Variation?

A

Slight DIFFERENCES WITHIN a population-green and brown beetles.

47
Q

What is Selective Pressure or Competition?

A

Competition WITHIN a species due to TOO MANY offspring and NOT ENOUGH resources-green beetles are easily spotted, and eaten.

48
Q

What is Survival of the Fittest?

A

BETTER ADAPTED individuals survive and reproduce-brown beetles survive and have brown baby’s.

49
Q

What is Gradual Change?

A

Over GENERATIONS, the ADVANTAGEOUS TRAITS become more COMMON in the population-eventually all beetles are brown.

50
Q

What were ‘Darwin’s finches’?

A

Finches on the Galapagos Islands that all EVOLVED from the SAME species, with DIFFERENT BEAK SHAPES based on what food they ATE.

51
Q

What is Sickle Cell Anemia?

A

Abnormal red blood cell SHAPE that causes pain, damage, and death.

52
Q

Why is Sickle Cell common in Africa where the is Malaria?

A

The Sickle Cell ALLELE (heterozygote) can make you IMMUNE to Malaria-Natural Selection makes it more common in Africa.

53
Q

What are the 3 types of Natural Selection?

A

Stabilizing, Directional, and Disruptive Selection.

54
Q

What is Stabilizing Selection?

A

When the AVERAGE phenotype is FAVOURED in an environment-child brith weight.

55
Q

What is Directional Selection?

A

When ONE END of the phenotype is FAVOURED (common in Artificial Breeding)-giraffe long neck extreme.

56
Q

What is Disruptive Selection?

A

When individuals with variations at OPPOSITE ENDS are FAVOURED-clam size (small or big).

57
Q

What are the pro’s of Sexual Selection?

A

HIGH mating success.

58
Q

What are the con’s of Sexual Selection?

A

Often involves BRIGHT COLOURS which make males EASILY SPOTTED by predators.

59
Q

What are the types of Evolutionary Change without Selection?

A

Genetic Drift, Bottleneck, and Founder Effect.

60
Q

What is Genetic Drift?

A

Population genetic makeup changes by CHANCE (based on offspring alleles)-in SMALLER populations.

61
Q

What is a Bottleneck?

A

A DROP in the population SIZE and GENE POOL due to a natural disaster (flood, earthquake, etc.). The survivors make up the new population.

62
Q

What is the Founder Effect?

A

GENETIC DRIFT when a SMALL amount of a species SEPARATES. The more common traits can change, some may go extinct-flies moving to an island, Amish 6 fingers is common.

63
Q

What is Speciation?

A

When a single species SPLITS into 2 or more NEW species.

64
Q

What is a Species?

A

A group of INDIVIDUALS who can INTERBREED and produce VIABLE/ FERTILE offspring.

65
Q

What are the 2 types of Speciation?

A

Allopatric and Sympatric Speciation.

66
Q

What is Allopatric Speciation?

A

The formation of a NEW species when the population is separated by a GEOGRAPHICAL BARRIER-grand canyon, island.

67
Q

What is Sympatric Speciation?

A

When a NEW species is created by a population splitting into 2 SEPARATE GENE POOLS-apple maggot flies and hawthorn flies.

68
Q

What are the 2 types of Reproductive Barriers?

A

Pre-zygotic and Post-zygotic barriers.

69
Q

What is a Pre-zygotic barrier?

A

When reproductive isolation happens BEFORE the zygote can be formed.

70
Q

What is a Post-zygotic barrier?

A

When the zygote or embryo FAILS TO DEVELOP properly (after fertilization).

71
Q

What are the types of Pre-zygotic barriers?

A

Temporal, Ecological, Behavioural, Mechanical, and Gametic Isolation.

72
Q

What is Temporal Isolation?

A

The species mate at DIFFERENT TIMES of the year/ season-toads, skunks.

73
Q

What is Ecological Isolation?

A

The species live in DIFFERENT HABITATS-grass snakes vs watersnakes.

74
Q

What is Behavioural Isolation?

A

The species have DIFFERENT SIGNALS (or behaviours/ songs) to mate-bird calls.

75
Q

What is Mechanical Isolation?

A

The species are anatomically INCOMPATIBLE.

76
Q

What is Gametic Isolation?

A

If the gametes meet, a zygote doesn’t form (chemicals reject sperm)-red and purple urchin.

77
Q

What are the types of Post-zygotic barriers?

A

Zygotic Mortality, Hybrid Inviability, and Hybrid Sterility/ infertility.

78
Q

What is Zygotic Mortaility?

A

When the mating and fertilization occurs but the ZYGOTE DIES-sheep and goat mate.

79
Q

What is Hybrid Inviability?

A

Sperm and egg may combine, but the offspring does NOT LIVE LONG-tigers and leopards result in MISCARRIAGE or STILLBORN.

80
Q

What is Hybrid Sterility?

A

Offspring is HEALTHY but STERILE-mules (horse and donkey).

81
Q

What are the 3 types of Evolution?

A

Divergent, Convergent, and Coevolution.

82
Q

What is Divergent Evolution?

A

2 or more species ORIGINATE from 1 COMMON ancestor-red squirrel and flying squirrel.

83
Q

What is Convergent Evolution?

A

UNRELATED SPECIES develop SIMILAR trails by living in similar environments-arctic fox and bird.

84
Q

What is Coevolution?

A

1 species evolves in RESPONSE to the evolution of ANOTHER (predator and prey)-hummingbirds long beak and flowers with long tubes.

Biology 11 (7 decks)

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