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Biology 11 > Diversity > Flashcards

Diversity Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Diversity?

A

A RANGE or VARIETY of something (city with cultural diversity).

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2
Q

What is Biodiversity?

A

The VARIETY of LIFE found in a particular ECOSYSTEM.

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3
Q

What is Biodiversity the product of?

A

Product of YEARS of evolution as organisms ADAPT to changes in the environment.

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4
Q

What can Biodiversity tell scientists?

A

The HEALTH of a biological system.

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5
Q

What are the 3 types of Diveristy?

A

GENETIC, SPECIES, and ECOSYSTEM Diversity.

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6
Q

What is Genetic Diversity?

A

Different FORMS of genes in a particular species. The differences allow organisms to be UNIQUE.

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7
Q

What is a Species?

A

A population whose members can BREED FREELY and produce FERTILE OFFSPRING.

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8
Q

What does more Biodiversity result in?

A

More GENETIC DIVERSITY, and thus SURVIVAL of a species.

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9
Q

What is Monoculture?

A

An environment that supports VERY FEW organisms, such as crops on a farm.

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10
Q

What does Monoculture lead to?

A

It leads to LESS BIODIVERSITY, and makes an environment VULNERABLE to DISEASE and pathogens.

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11
Q

What is Species Diversity?

A

The NUMBER of species and its RELATIVE ABUNDANCE in a given area (often greater in warmer and wetter climates).

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12
Q

What is Ecosystem Diversity?

A

Variety of SMALLER ecosystems WITHIN a LARGER ecosystem and the RELATIONSHIP between them.

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13
Q

What is the Human Impact on Biodiversity?

A

LOSS of biodiversity (threatens FOOD SUPPLY, eliminates sources of MEDICINES, impact on TOURISM, disruption to BIOGEOCHEMICAL cycles), MONOCULTURE.

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14
Q

What is the primary cause of species loss?

A

HUMAN ACTIVITY that causes large scale destruction of ecosystems.

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15
Q

What are the 5 Threats to Biodiversity?

A

HABITAT DESTRUCTION (deforestation, draining wetlands), POLLUTION, SPECIES INTRODUCTIONS, global CLIMATE CHANGE, EXPLOITATION.

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16
Q

What is the benefit of Genetic Diversity?

A

Allows populations to ADAPT to environmental CHANGES.

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17
Q

What is the benefit of Species Diversity?

A

Allows ecosystems to SURVIVE ecosystem CHANGES.

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18
Q

What is the benefit of Ecosystem Diversity?

A

Allows a DIVERSE RANGE of species to THRIVE.

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19
Q

What is a Keystone Species?

A

A species that has a disproportionately LARGE EFFECT of their ECOSYSTEM.

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20
Q

What is the purpose of a classification system (taxonomy)?

A

To ACCURATELY identify particular organisms NO MATTER WHERE it exists.

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21
Q

How does Linnaeus’ system categorize organisms?

A

Based on MORPHOLOGICAL (physical) characteristics. The more features in common, the closer the relationship (koala bear, polar bear, and panda bear).

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22
Q

What are the Taxonomy categories called, and how are they organized?

A

Each category is called a TAXON and they are organized from LEAST to MOST SPECIFIC.

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23
Q

What is the order of all the Taxa?

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus (unable to produce fertile offspring), Species (able to reproduce fertile offspring).

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24
Q

What is Binomial Nomenclature?

A

A TWO-part scientific name that includes the GENUS and SPECIES name.

Genus is CAPITALIZED and both names are UNDERLINED when written or ITALICIZED when typed. Eg. Homo spaiens (humans) or Felis domestica (house cat).

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25
Q

What do organisms in the same genus have in common?

A

The have many COMMON CHARACHTERISTICS.

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26
Q

What are the two facts about species?

A

All members of a species are SIMILAR but NOT IDENTICAL, and members of the SAME species can only BREED WITH EACH OTHER to produce fertile offspring (inter-species breeding does not occur in nature).

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27
Q

What is a Dichotomous Key?

A

A key that contains a SERIES OF CHOICES that lead the user to the correct NAME OF AN ORGANISM. There are always TWO CHOICES in each step. Each question directs the user to the next question.

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28
Q

What details are important in a Dichotomous Key?

A

SPECIFIC information, yes/ no questions, separate LARGHE GROUPS first.

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29
Q

What is the first step in writing a Dichotomous Key?

A

WRITE out the NUMBER of steps (1a: 1b:, 2a: 2b:). There is always one less step than species. Eg. 1a: shoes have heels, go to 2 1b: shoes don’t have heels, go to 3.

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30
Q

How did Charles Darwin and the Theory of Evolution classify things?

A

By using PHYLOGENY, the study of the evolutionary development of a group of organisms and their relationships.

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31
Q

What is classification within Taxa’s based on?

A

COMMON Ancestors.

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32
Q

How many generations in a family tree in Biology?

A

THOUSANDS of generations.

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33
Q

What evidence does Classification by Evolution use?

A

FOSSILS and MOLECULAR ANALYSIS, as well as MORPHOLOGY and PHYSIOLOGY.

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34
Q

What is a Phylogenetic Tree?

A

Like a family tree, but traces relationships between ENTIRE SPECIES and shows the TIME between new traits. All organisms are descendants from a COMMON ANCESTOR. Relationships (similarities and differences) are based on PHYSICAL AND GENETIC CHARACTERISTICS.

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35
Q

How do you read a Phylogenic Tree? What does the root and branches represent?

A

The ROOT is the ANCESTOR, the BRANCHES are the DESCENDANTS. From the root to the tip is going FORWARD in time.

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36
Q

What is Speciation?

A

When a NEW SPECIES is formed due to EVOLUTION, GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATION, etc.

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37
Q

What is a Clade?

A

A TAXONOMIC GROUP that includes a SINGLE COMMON ANCESTOR and all its DESCENDANTS.

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38
Q

What are the three Domains?

A

Bacteria, Archaea (withstand extreme conditions), and Eukarya.

39
Q

What are Prokaryote examples?

A

ARCHEA and BACTERIA.

40
Q

What are Eukaryote examples?

A

Cells WITH a nucleus. Mammals, birds, fish, fungi, plants, algae, etc.

41
Q

How many Kingdoms are there?

A

Six.

42
Q

What were the first two original Kingdoms?

A

Animalia and Plantae.

43
Q

What are the six Kingdoms?

A

Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Bacteria, and Archaebacteria.

44
Q

What is the difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes are SINGLE-celled organisms WITHOUT membrane bound organelles (reproduce asexually, unicellular), and Eukaryotes are SINGLE or MULTI-celled organisms WITH membrane bound organelles (reproduce asexually and sexually, multicellular).

45
Q

What are the smallest organisms on Earth?

A

Prokaryotes.

46
Q

What environments do Bacteria like?

A

Warm, dark, and moist environments.

47
Q

Where can Archaea inhabit and where do they thrive?

A

Can inhabit Earth’s most INHOSPITABLE regions. Thrive in very HOT, very ACIDIC, and very SALTY conditions.

48
Q

What are the 3 main Phyla of Archaea?

A

Anaerobic, Halophiles, and Thermoacidophiles.

49
Q

What are Anaerobic Methanogens?

A

Like in GUT of animals, or at the BOTTOM OF MARSHES. RELEASE METHANE as a waste product. (Archaea)

50
Q

What are Halophiles?

A

SALT-LOVING bacteria living in EXTREME SALTY conditions, such as the Dead Sea.m (Archaea)

51
Q

What are Thermoacidophiles?

A

Bacteria that can TOLERATE very HOT TEMPERATURES and ACIDIC conditions Live near deep sea vents, hot springs, volcanic crater lakes. (Archaea)

52
Q

What are Bacteria?

A

UNICELLULAR organisms that have CELL WALLS outside their plasma membrane. Not made of cellulose (plants) or chitin (fungi).

53
Q

What makes up a Bacteria Cell (parts)?

A

Cell Wall, Cell Membrane, Cytoplasm, Ribosome, Genetic Material, Plasmid, Pilli, Flagella.

54
Q

What does the Cell Wall do?

A

SUPPORTS and PROTECTS contents of the cell.

55
Q

What does the Cell Membrane do?

A

CONTROLS PASSAGE of materials INTO the cell.

56
Q

What does the Cytoplasm do?

A

Contains RIBOSOMES.

57
Q

What does the Ribosome do?

A

SYNTHESIZES proteins.

58
Q

What is Genetic Material do?

A

DNA/ chromosome (single-loop).

59
Q

What does the Plasmid do?

A

Circular DNA. CODE for SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS that are not vital for survival (antibiotic resistance).

60
Q

What does the Pilli do?

A

HAIR LIKE PROJECTION. CONNECT one bacterium to another, allow TRANSFER of plasmid.

61
Q

What does the Flagella do?

A

Allows cells TO MOVE.

62
Q

What are the 4 ways Bacteria can be classified?

A

Cell shape, cell wall structure, motility, metabolism.

63
Q

What are the 3 cell shapes?

A

Cocci, Bacillii, and Spirochetes.

64
Q

What does Cocci shaped mean?

A

SPHERE shaped.

65
Q

What does Bacillii shaped mean?

A

ROD shaped.

66
Q

What does Spirochetes shaped mean?

A

SPIRAL/ CURVE shaped.

67
Q

How do we test Cell Wall structure?

A

GRAM STAINING: purple=positive, pink=negative.

68
Q

What does Sessile mean?

A

IMMOBILE.

69
Q

What are the 3 types of movement for Bacteria?

A

Rolling Motion, Glide, Flagella.

70
Q

How does Rolling Motion work?

A

Spiral Bacteria ROLL or TWIST to move.

71
Q

How does Gliding work?

A

Aquatic Bacteria use GAS vesicles to move up/ down or GLIDE on slimy MUCOUD that they secrete.

72
Q

How does Flagella (motion) work?

A

Tail rotates around base to PULL itself (or thrust) forwards.

73
Q

What is Metabolism?

A

the process of PRODUCING ENERGY by BREAKING DOWN food through chemical reactions.

74
Q

What are Autotrophic Bactera?

A

Bacteria that PRODUCE their own food by ASSEMBLING INORGANIC CHEMICALS (abiotic in origin).

75
Q

What are Heterotrophic Bacteria?

A

Bacteria get their nutrients from ORGANIC CHEMICALS found in other living organisms.

76
Q

What are the 3 types of Metabolism?

A

Obligate Aerobes, Facultative Aerobes, and Obligate Anaerobes.

77
Q

What are Obligate Aerobes?

A

Need OXYGEN obtained FROM RESPIRATION to get energy from food.

78
Q

What are Facultative Aerobes?

A

Can live WITH or WITHOUT OXYGEN. They perform regular respiration when they can and Fermentation when there is no oxygen.

79
Q

What are Obligate Anaerobes?

A

CANNOT live in environments where OXYGEN IS PRESENT.

80
Q

What are the 4 ways Bacteria can reproduce?

A

Binary Fission, Conjugation, Transformation, Transduction.

81
Q

Which ways of Bacteria reproduction increase Genetic Diversity?

A

Conjugation and Transformation.

82
Q

What is Binary Fission?

A

ONE parent cell DIVIDES to form TWO IDENTICAL daughter cells (exact copy of DNA). MUTATIONS are common due to rapid reproduction, creates DIVERSITY. (ASEXUAL)

83
Q

What is Conjugation?

A

ONE parent cell PASSES a copy of a PLASMID to a nearby cell through a PILUS. INCREASES genetic diversity. (SEXUAL).

84
Q

What is Transformation?

A

Bacteria PICK UP PIECES of NDA from the environment or nearby bacteria that have died. INCREASES genetic diversity.

85
Q

What is Transduction?

A

Bacteria receive NEW GENETIC MATERIAL through VIRUSES. The viruses carry genes from one cell and INJECT them into another. INCREASES genetic diversity.

86
Q

What are helpful Bacteria?

A

Natural Recycling (DECOMPOSERS), Health and Medicine (make INSULIN, release of VITAMINS), Clean-up (BIOREMEDIATION).

87
Q

What is Pathogenic Bacteria?

A

DISEASE CAUSING bacteria (leprosy, anthrax, E.coli, lyme disease).

88
Q

How can Bacterial Disease be prevented?

A

Good personal HYGIENE, antimicrobial DRUGS, QUARANTINE :(

89
Q

What does Antibiotic mean?

A

AGAINST LIFE. Used to SLOW down growth of or KILL bacteria. They do NOT work on viruses. Overuse can cause bacteria to adapt and resist (no longer effective).

90
Q

What are problems with Antibiotics?

A

Bacteria reproduce so quickly that they mutate and resist, people don’t follow their prescribed course of pills, does antibacterial soap work?

91
Q

What is Agar?

A

A JELLY-like substance filled with NUTRIENTS which helps feed bacteria.

92
Q

How does an Agar Plate work?

A

We add bacteria to the plate (the agar helps it grow), then add antibiotics to see which ones work the best.

93
Q

What are Viruses?

A

NON-LIVING particles that USE the metabolic machinery of living cells to REPRODUCE. They are OBLIGATE PARASITES (need a HOST cell to function).

94
Q

Why are viruses non-living?

A

They are UNable to REPRODUCE on their own, UNable to MOVE independently, do NOT REACT to stimuli, LACK cell structure (no organelles, cytoplasm…), do NOT METABOLIZE food.

Biology 11 (7 decks)

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