Respiratory System Flashcards
_________ __________ occurs across specialized respiratory surfaces
Gas exchange
How do simple animals breathe?
Diffusion - All of the animal’s body cells are located within 2 cells of the medium
Do earthworms have a respiratory system?
No
What kind of respiratory do earthworms use
Cutaneous (through skin) respiration
True or false… earthworms have thick skin
False, it’s thin
Where are blood vessels located in an earthworm
Near surface of the skin
Why do earthworms surface during rain storms
So they do not drown from rainwater and it’s more difficult to move in wet soil
What kind of respiratory system do insects have?
Tracheal systems
True or false… every single cell has its own tracheole
True
As the tracheoles get smaller, it is (easier or harder) to absorb air
Harder
What are spiracles
Openings
What make up the trachea rings in the tracheal system
Chitin
What is the limiting factor in the tracheal system
Length of the tubes
Larger insects use what to help move air throughout the system
Flight muscles
Why are giant insects impossible
Airflow resistance
- tube length and diameter
Diffusion rate
Chitin support limited
How do amphibians breathe (generalize)
Lungs and skin
How do amphibians breathe (not skin)
Inflate lungs with forced air
What kind of pressure is forced ventilation
Positive pressure
What are the steps to an amphibian breathing?
- Air into mouth
- Collect into buccal cavity
- Glottis closes
- Nostrils close/ buccal cavity forces air up
- Glottis opened
- Air goes to lungs
Lungs are considered what?
Infoldings of the body surface
What type of cells are the lungs?
Simple squamous epithelium
What occurs in the lungs?
Transport gases between the lungs and the rest of the body
What are the two gasses part of respiration
CO2 and O2
The size and complexity of lungs correlate to what?
Animals metabolic rate
What type of breathers are mammals
Tidal breathers
True or false…. Incoming air does not mix with outgoing air in mammals
False
What is the top of the trachea that contains the vocal cord?
Larynx
What helps push air out of the lungs? What kind of pressure is this?
Diaphragm
Negative pressure
Which is larger? Nasal cavity or oral cavity
Nasal cavity
A system of __________ ducts conveys air into/out of the lungs
Branching
What happens to the air inhaled in the nostril?
Warmed- blood vessels in nose
Humidified- adds moisture
Filtered- hairs
The _________ directs air to the larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli and food to the esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine
Pharynx (common throat)
What brings oxygen rich blood to the heart from the lungs
Pulmonary vein
What brings deoxygenated blood to the lungs from the heart
Pulmonary artery
Where does gas exchange take place in the lungs
Alveoli
Pulmonary means?
Lungs
What gas goes to the lungs and what gas leaves the lungs?
To- O2
Leave- CO2
Oxygen diffusion from what to what in the lungs?
Through moist film of simple squamous epithelium and into capillaries
Carbon dioxide diffuses from what to what in the lungs?
From capillaries across the epithelium and into the air space to be exhaled
What are the pump, tubes, and substance makeup in the respiratory system
Pump- lungs
Tubes- bronchi
Substance- air
What is the relationship of pressure to volume in the lungs
As volume increases, pressure decreases
Where does air move to in the lungs regarding pressure
From high pressure areas to low pressure area
True or false… the path birds breathe are unidirectional
True
Does incoming and outgoing air mix in birds respiration?
No it does not
How many complete breaths does it take for air to completely go through a bird?
2
What are the three stops of air in a bird?
- Posterior air sacs
- Lungs
- Anterior air sacs
Where does gas exchange take place in a bird?
ONLY THE LUNGS
How many air sacs do birds have?
8 or 9
Fish gills use a _________ _________ system for O2 and CO2
Countercurrent exchange
Blood flows in the ____ direction to water passing over the gills
Opposite
Blood is always (more or less) saturated with O2 than the water it meets
Less
What are gills? I or O
Gills are outfoldings(outside body) that create a large SURFACE AREA for gas exchange
What type of tissue are gills
Simple squamous epithelium
Why are gills so red?
Filled with blood vessels
Is there more O2 in the water before or after the gills?
Before the gills, O2 is transferred into the blood from the water
What is the name of the gills wave like structures? What is each strand called?
Operculum
Gill filaments
What is needed to allow for diffusion to occur in the gills
Diffusion gradient
What is the name of the tissue in the gills? Thickness? Tissue type?
Lamella
Very thin
Simple squamous
What could possible mm Hg be in the blood if mm Hg in water is 150, 120, 90, 60, 30 respectively
140, 110, 80, 50, 20
Must be slightly smaller to have diffusion gradient
