Animal Sensing and Responding Flashcards by Brian Smith

What is the use of the star shaped nose on a star shaped mole?

Touch/sense objects in ground to help mole survive

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How many pairs of appendages are on a star nose mole nose?

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How many touch receptors are on the star nose mole nose?

25000 touch sensitive receptors

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What are the steps of a star nose mole finding food?

Sensory input, integration, motor output

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What are the 5 receptions animals have? What does each sense?

Mechanoreception (force/ touch)

Chemoreception (sight and smell)

Thermoreception (hot and cold)

Noiception (pain)

Electromagnetic reception (magnetics)

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What is olfaction?

Sense of smell

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What are the names of the objects that trigger smell?

Odorants

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What is the sense of taste?

Gustation

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What is the name of the objects that things taste?

Tastants

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What do chemicals bond with in the nose and mouth?

Chemoreceptors which send signals to the brain

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Where do odorants bind with chemoreceptors in the nose?

Nose to floor of the brain

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What is the purpose of mucus in the nose?

Adds moisture and traps odors

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What do chemoreceptors bind odorants to?

Nerves

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How many olfactory receptors do Bloodhounds have?

About 230 million (40x human)

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How many different tastes can a human sense? What are they

5
Sweet
Salty
Bitter
Sour 
Umami

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Where are taste receptors located in the mouth? What do they bind to?

Taste buds bind to neurons

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What is correlated with sweet foods? Bitter? Sour? Salty? Umami?

Sweet- calories
Bitter- do not eat
Sour- acidic H ion
Umami- meat
Salty- Na ion

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True of false…. each taste has a certain spot on the tongue to be detected.

False, they can be interpreted anywhere

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Where do insects taste?

Hairs located on their legs, feet, antennas

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What is the nose like structure on an insect?

Proboscis

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What do insects depend highly on for finding food?

Taste and odor

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Male silk worm covered with _____ _____ containing chemoreceptors for sex pheromones release by females.

Sensory hairs

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What are pheromones?

Like hormones but given off and transported in the fair to inform animals where the opposite sex is.

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What is mechanorecption?

Sense physical touch, contact, stretch, motion, distortion, sound

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Mechanoreceptors are involved in what? (2)

Hearing and equilibrium

True or false.... The skin does not have mechanoreceptors

False

What type of animals statocysts?

Invertebrates

Describe the use of statocysts in an animal.

The statolith (rock that helps with movement) rolls over hairs lived in the statocyst. These cilia will send messages to the neuron about the movement, position, and orientation of the animal

What are three organs in the vertebrate inner ear that help detect body movement, position, and balance?

Semicircular canals Utricle Saccule

What does the semicircular canal sense?

Detect angular (rotational) movements

What do the utricle and succule detect? Which detects what?

Utricle- up or down | Succule- acceleration

The _____ __ _____ contains mechoreceptors which bend when sound waves pus on the tectorial membrane. This trigger electrical messages to the brain

Organ of Corti

What is ultrasonic?

Above human ears (high frequencies)

What is infrasonic?

Below human ears (low frequencies)

What range of Hz do humans hear from?

20,000 Hz to 20Hz

What animals use ultrasonic hearing? Infrasonic?

Ultrasonic- bats Infrasonic- elephants

True of false... Insects have "ears" in all their legs

True

What do the "ears" do in insect legs?

Sense changes in air pressure

What is the name of the "ears" in an insect leg?

Tympanum

What does the lateral line help fish do in water?

Sense water currents Pressure waves produced by moving objects Low frequency sounds conducted through the water

How does a fish lateral line work?

Water causes little sensory hairs to bend sending signals to nerves.

Activation of receptors can cause ______ and/or ______ adjustments to maintain body temperature

Physiological | Behavioral

Capsaicin activate what taste receptors in the mouth? Menthol? Where does each come from?

Capsaicin- hot food (hot temperature receptors) | Menthol- mint (cold temperature receptors)

What type of animals use infrared radiation sensing?

Snakes

Why does infrared radiation sensing work well at night?

Prey is usually warmer than the air

Where are infrared radiation sensors located in a snake?

In a pit under the eyes

What does noxious mean?

Harmful

What does nociceptor mean?

To hurt

Why is the perception of pain important?

Can cause tissue damage

What does Leprosy destroy?

Nerve endings (no pain sensation)

How can you tell if an animal is in pain?

Crying, limping, tail between legs, no appetite

How do platypus' use electrical currents?

To detect food

How do electric eels use electrical currents?

Detect electrical signals from other fish Generate electrical signals to stun/immobilize prey

How do homing pigeons navigate?

Use magnetite in their head that are attracted to the poles

What is the most dominant sense in humans?

Vision

Photoreceptors detect _______ of light arriving for the sun, other light sources, reflecting off an object

Wavelengths

What are the three types of wavelengths? Describe each

- Visible light (human) - Ultraviolet light (barn owls, insects) Uric acid reflected in UV light - Infrared light (detect heat from objects)

What is the human sight range of light?

380 nm to 740 nm

What are the different types of eyes in animals?

Eyespots (flatworm) Compound Eye (house fly) Single-lens eyes (humans, squids, octopus, snails)

What do eyespots detect?

Direction and Magnitude

What do the brown pigments do in eyespots?

Absorb the light to allow the animal to determine where the light is coming from

What behavior is associated with light/dark detectors?

Light avoidance

What uses compound eyes?

Complex insects

What are the light detectors calling in compound eyes?

Ommatidia

How many light detectors do insects have?

1000 light detectors

What is the main benefit of compound eyes?

Efficiently detect movement

What is the biggest setback of compound eyes?

Difficulty focusing

True or false... Complex invertebrates have 1000 single eyes

False

Compound eyes allow for __________ but must _______ however are great predator _______

Wide field of view Face forward Protection

Describe how compound eyes work.

Each lens focuses light on the rhabdom. The rhabdom traps the light. Results in electrical messages to the brain.

Light transmitted through pupil to ________ at the back of the eye.

Retina

What is the role of the following... 1. Cornea 2. Iris 3. Pupil 4. Lens 5. Vitreous humor 6. Central artery and vein of the retina 7. Optic nerve 8. Retina

1. protect the eye 2. muscle to regulate light 3. absorb light 4. stretch to focus on vision 5. gel pack to create shape of eye 6. very high need for oxygen 7. goes to the brain 8. first line of nervous tissue to brain, photoreceptors located here

Light hits the retina cell at the (furthest or closest) point?

furthest

Why is the back of the eye black?

Pigmented epithelium

What light do cones absorb? Rods?

Cones- color Rods- black and white

How do eyes limit light intensity?

adjust pupil diameter

Where is the best eye placement for depth perception?

Straight forward

Where is the best eye placement to see behind their heads? Who can do this?

Above the ears Rabbits and Woodcock

Why do animals have night shine?

Crystals embedded in pigmented epithelium reflect light

True or false... each animal has the same night shine?

False, everyone is different