Animal Sensing and Responding Flashcards
What is the use of the star shaped nose on a star shaped mole?
Touch/sense objects in ground to help mole survive
How many pairs of appendages are on a star nose mole nose?
11
How many touch receptors are on the star nose mole nose?
25000 touch sensitive receptors
What are the steps of a star nose mole finding food?
Sensory input, integration, motor output
What are the 5 receptions animals have? What does each sense?
Mechanoreception (force/ touch)
Chemoreception (sight and smell)
Thermoreception (hot and cold)
Noiception (pain)
Electromagnetic reception (magnetics)
What is olfaction?
Sense of smell
What are the names of the objects that trigger smell?
Odorants
What is the sense of taste?
Gustation
What is the name of the objects that things taste?
Tastants
What do chemicals bond with in the nose and mouth?
Chemoreceptors which send signals to the brain
Where do odorants bind with chemoreceptors in the nose?
Nose to floor of the brain
What is the purpose of mucus in the nose?
Adds moisture and traps odors
What do chemoreceptors bind odorants to?
Nerves
How many olfactory receptors do Bloodhounds have?
About 230 million (40x human)
How many different tastes can a human sense? What are they
5 Sweet Salty Bitter Sour Umami
Where are taste receptors located in the mouth? What do they bind to?
Taste buds bind to neurons
What is correlated with sweet foods? Bitter? Sour? Salty? Umami?
Sweet- calories Bitter- do not eat Sour- acidic H ion Umami- meat Salty- Na ion
True of false…. each taste has a certain spot on the tongue to be detected.
False, they can be interpreted anywhere
Where do insects taste?
Hairs located on their legs, feet, antennas
What is the nose like structure on an insect?
Proboscis
What do insects depend highly on for finding food?
Taste and odor
Male silk worm covered with _____ _____ containing chemoreceptors for sex pheromones release by females.
Sensory hairs
What are pheromones?
Like hormones but given off and transported in the fair to inform animals where the opposite sex is.
What is mechanorecption?
Sense physical touch, contact, stretch, motion, distortion, sound
Mechanoreceptors are involved in what? (2)
Hearing and equilibrium
True or false…. The skin does not have mechanoreceptors
False
What type of animals statocysts?
Invertebrates
Describe the use of statocysts in an animal.
The statolith (rock that helps with movement) rolls over hairs lived in the statocyst. These cilia will send messages to the neuron about the movement, position, and orientation of the animal
What are three organs in the vertebrate inner ear that help detect body movement, position, and balance?
Semicircular canals
Utricle
Saccule
What does the semicircular canal sense?
Detect angular (rotational) movements
What do the utricle and succule detect? Which detects what?
Utricle- up or down
Succule- acceleration
The _____ __ _____ contains mechoreceptors which bend when sound waves pus on the tectorial membrane. This trigger electrical messages to the brain
Organ of Corti
What is ultrasonic?
Above human ears (high frequencies)
What is infrasonic?
Below human ears (low frequencies)
What range of Hz do humans hear from?
20,000 Hz to 20Hz
What animals use ultrasonic hearing? Infrasonic?
Ultrasonic- bats
Infrasonic- elephants
True of false… Insects have “ears” in all their legs
True
What do the “ears” do in insect legs?
Sense changes in air pressure
What is the name of the “ears” in an insect leg?
Tympanum
What does the lateral line help fish do in water?
Sense water currents
Pressure waves produced by moving objects
Low frequency sounds conducted through the water
How does a fish lateral line work?
Water causes little sensory hairs to bend sending signals to nerves.
Activation of receptors can cause ______ and/or ______ adjustments to maintain body temperature
Physiological
Behavioral
Capsaicin activate what taste receptors in the mouth? Menthol? Where does each come from?
Capsaicin- hot food (hot temperature receptors)
Menthol- mint (cold temperature receptors)
What type of animals use infrared radiation sensing?
Snakes
Why does infrared radiation sensing work well at night?
Prey is usually warmer than the air
Where are infrared radiation sensors located in a snake?
In a pit under the eyes
What does noxious mean?
Harmful
What does nociceptor mean?
To hurt
Why is the perception of pain important?
Can cause tissue damage
What does Leprosy destroy?
Nerve endings (no pain sensation)
How can you tell if an animal is in pain?
Crying, limping, tail between legs, no appetite
How do platypus’ use electrical currents?
To detect food
How do electric eels use electrical currents?
Detect electrical signals from other fish
Generate electrical signals to stun/immobilize prey
How do homing pigeons navigate?
Use magnetite in their head that are attracted to the poles
What is the most dominant sense in humans?
Vision
Photoreceptors detect _______ of light arriving for the sun, other light sources, reflecting off an object
Wavelengths
What are the three types of wavelengths? Describe each
- Visible light (human)
- Ultraviolet light (barn owls, insects) Uric acid reflected in UV light
- Infrared light (detect heat from objects)
What is the human sight range of light?
380 nm to 740 nm
What are the different types of eyes in animals?
Eyespots (flatworm)
Compound Eye (house fly)
Single-lens eyes (humans, squids, octopus, snails)
What do eyespots detect?
Direction and Magnitude
What do the brown pigments do in eyespots?
Absorb the light to allow the animal to determine where the light is coming from
What behavior is associated with light/dark detectors?
Light avoidance
What uses compound eyes?
Complex insects
What are the light detectors calling in compound eyes?
Ommatidia
How many light detectors do insects have?
1000 light detectors
What is the main benefit of compound eyes?
Efficiently detect movement
What is the biggest setback of compound eyes?
Difficulty focusing
True or false… Complex invertebrates have 1000 single eyes
False
Compound eyes allow for __________ but must _______ however are great predator _______
Wide field of view
Face forward
Protection
Describe how compound eyes work.
Each lens focuses light on the rhabdom. The rhabdom traps the light. Results in electrical messages to the brain.
Light transmitted through pupil to ________ at the back of the eye.
Retina
What is the role of the following…
- Cornea
- Iris
- Pupil
- Lens
- Vitreous humor
- Central artery and vein of the retina
- Optic nerve
- Retina
- protect the eye
- muscle to regulate light
- absorb light
- stretch to focus on vision
- gel pack to create shape of eye
- very high need for oxygen
- goes to the brain
- first line of nervous tissue to brain, photoreceptors located here
Light hits the retina cell at the (furthest or closest) point?
furthest
Why is the back of the eye black?
Pigmented epithelium
What light do cones absorb? Rods?
Cones- color
Rods- black and white
How do eyes limit light intensity?
adjust pupil diameter
Where is the best eye placement for depth perception?
Straight forward
Where is the best eye placement to see behind their heads? Who can do this?
Above the ears
Rabbits and Woodcock
Why do animals have night shine?
Crystals embedded in pigmented epithelium reflect light
True or false… each animal has the same night shine?
False, everyone is different
