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Biology Exam 2 Material > Osmoregulation and Excretion > Flashcards

Osmoregulation and Excretion Flashcards

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1
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water down its concentration gradient

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2
Q

Is osmosis passive or active exchange? Why?

A

Passive because it doesn’t require energy

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3
Q

What does it mean to be hypoosmotic? Hyperosmotic?

A

Hypoosmotic- lower solute concentration higher water concentration

Hyperosmotic- higher solute concentration lower water concentration

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4
Q

Water moves from _________ to ___________

A

Hypoosmotic to hyperosmotic

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5
Q

Describe osmolarity in thermoregulators? Thermoconformers? Which requires more energy?

A

Thermoregulators- as saltiness increases the salt level in RBC stays the same

Thermoconformers- as saltiness increases the salt level in RBC increases

Thermoregulators require more energy as the range grows larger between the environment and the body

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6
Q

What is the osmolarity in fish? Humans?

A

Fish- 225-400 mOsm/L

Humans- 300 mOsm/L

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7
Q

What is the osmolarity of saltwater? Freshwater?

A

Saltwater- 1000 mOsm/L

Freshwater- 0.5-15 mOsm/L

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8
Q

The lower the mOsm/L means what?

A

Hypoosmotic

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9
Q

Is a fish hypoosmotic or hyperosmotic in salt water?

A

Hypoosmotic

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10
Q

Where do hypoosmotic fish gain water and salt ions?

A

Food and drinking seawater

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11
Q

What is excreted from the gills and body surface?

A

Salt is lost in the gills, osmotic water is lost through gills and parts of body surface

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12
Q

What is excreted in a hypoosmotic fish in urine?

A

Salt ions and very small amounts of water

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13
Q

Is a fish hypoosmotic or hyperosmotic in freshwater?

A

Hyperosmotic

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14
Q

Where does a freshwater fish gain water? Does it drink?

A

Gain water and some ions from food

No they don’t drink

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15
Q

Where does salt uptake occur in fish? Osmotic water?

A

Salt uptake in gills

Osmotic water through gills and body surface

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16
Q

What do freshwater fish excrete?

A

Very little salt ions and large amounts of water in urine

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17
Q

Stock eye salmon are considered what?

A

Euryhaline

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18
Q

True or false…. Salmon do not tolerate both salt water and freshwater.

A

False

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19
Q

What does it mean to be anhydrobiosis?

A

Adjust to no water but still living

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20
Q

Water bears are made up of how much water when hydrated? Dehydrated?

A

85% when hydrated

2% when dehydrated

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21
Q

What are the reasons for insect exoskeletons and shells in osmoregulation?

A

Help prevent water loss

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22
Q

What is the water balance between a desert animal and terrestrial animal

A

Desert- drink little water

Terrestrial- drink large amounts of water

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23
Q

________ and ________ of water should be balanced

A

Intake

Release

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24
Q

Osmoregulators must expend what to maintain osmotic gradient

A

Energy

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25
Q

The amount of energy an osmoregulator uses is based on what?

A

Magnitude of the osmotic gradient

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26
Q

What type of cells are specialized for moving solutes in specific directions

A

Epithelial cells

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27
Q

Epithelial cells are arranged in what

A

Complex tubular networks

28
Q

What is an example of countercurrent osmoregulation in birds using transport epithelium? Where does this take place?

A

Salt excreting nasal glands

Supa orbital (nasal salt gland)

29
Q

How do marine iguanas remove salt? Sea turtles? Mangroves? Petrol? Do these require lots of energy

A

Iguanas- blow salt out of nose

Sea turtles- release salt from duct under eye

Mangroves- salt glands will pump out salt from its roots

Petrol- salt drips off beak

Yes these processes are energetically expensive

30
Q

What is excretion

A

The disposal of nitrogen containing waste from the body

31
Q

What are the 4 steps in removing waste?

A
  1. Filtration
  2. Reabsorption
  3. Secretion
  4. Excretion
32
Q

What cells make up the excretion pathway?

A

Simple cuboidal and simple columnar

33
Q

What are the different types of excretory systems? Give an example of what animal uses it

A
  1. Protonephridia (flatworm)
  2. Metanephridia (earthworms)
  3. Mapighian (insects)
  4. Kidneys (vertebrates)
34
Q

What makes up a flame cell?

A

Cap cell and tubule cell

35
Q

How does protonephridia work?

A

The cilia spins to create a current inside the flame bulb. Interstitial fluid is sucked into the cap cell and transported through the tubule to an opening in the body wall

36
Q

What two processes occur in protonephridia?

A

Filtration and excretion

37
Q

What is the main difference between protonephridia and metanephridia?

A

Metanephridia will have some reabsorption into blood vessels

38
Q

What are the main parts of metanephridia?

A

Collecting tubule, internal opening, bladder, external opening

39
Q

How does metanephridia work?

A

The internal opening spins to pick up fluid from the chamber. Fluid travels through the collecting tubule where reabsorption occurs. Waste is moved through the bladder and excreted through an external opening

40
Q

Where does collection occur in metanephridia?

A

From adjacent chambers

41
Q

What is coelom?

A

Body cavity

42
Q

Where are malpighian tubules

A

Just after the midgut

43
Q

Do malpighian tumbles have blood vessels?

A

No

44
Q

What mixes with waste in malpighian tubules

A

Salt, water, nitrogenous waste

45
Q

What type of circulatory system does an animal have with malpighian tubules

A

Open circulatory systems

46
Q

Does filtration occur in malpighian tubules

A

No filtration but transport epithelia

47
Q

Feces and waste are excreted where in malpighian tubules

A

Cloaca

48
Q

What is secretion

A

Back into tube from blood but not in filtration

49
Q

What type epithelial tissue make up transport epithelia

A

Cuboidal and columnar

50
Q

What is reabsorption in malpighian tubules

A

Water, ions, valuable organic molecules

51
Q

Malpighian tubules are immersed in what?

A

Hemolymph

52
Q

How much liquid can a kidney hold?

A

300-350 mL

53
Q

What processes do kidneys have?

A

Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion
Excretion

54
Q

What does kidneys filter out?

A

Urea from blood

55
Q

What is reabsorbed is a nephron

A

Sugars

56
Q

What is secreted from the blood back to the nephron?

A

Waste products too large to be filtered out initially

57
Q

How many nephrons are in the body

A

2 million

58
Q

What is the correlation between the loop of Henle and water absorption

A

Longer the loop, the more water can be absorbed

59
Q

How much blood is filtered in the kidney each day?

A

180 L of blood

60
Q

How much urine is produced each day?

A

1.5 L of urine

61
Q

Can diet influence kidney function?

A

Yes, high protein diets= high nitrogenous waste production rates

62
Q

What is required if having a high protein diet?

A

Require high rate blood filtration in kidney and high water input

63
Q

How much can a vampire bat consume in one sitting

A

50% it’s body mass

64
Q

How much urine can a vampire bat produce

A

24% of body mass

65
Q

How much urine do bats produce when in roost? How much concentrated urine do humans produce?

A

4600 mOsm/L of concentrated urine

Humans- 1200 mOsm/L

Biology Exam 2 Material (5 decks)

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