Osmoregulation and Excretion

Question 1

What is osmosis?

Answer 1

The movement of water down its concentration gradient

Question 2

Is osmosis passive or active exchange? Why?

Answer 2

Passive because it doesn’t require energy

Question 3

What does it mean to be hypoosmotic? Hyperosmotic?

Answer 3

Hypoosmotic- lower solute concentration higher water concentration

Hyperosmotic- higher solute concentration lower water concentration

Question 4

Water moves from _________ to ___________

Answer 4

Hypoosmotic to hyperosmotic

Question 5

Describe osmolarity in thermoregulators? Thermoconformers? Which requires more energy?

Answer 5

Thermoregulators- as saltiness increases the salt level in RBC stays the same

Thermoconformers- as saltiness increases the salt level in RBC increases

Thermoregulators require more energy as the range grows larger between the environment and the body

Question 6

What is the osmolarity in fish? Humans?

Answer 6

Fish- 225-400 mOsm/L

Humans- 300 mOsm/L

Question 7

What is the osmolarity of saltwater? Freshwater?

Answer 7

Saltwater- 1000 mOsm/L

Freshwater- 0.5-15 mOsm/L

Question 8

The lower the mOsm/L means what?

Answer 8

Hypoosmotic

Question 9

Is a fish hypoosmotic or hyperosmotic in salt water?

Answer 9

Hypoosmotic

Question 10

Where do hypoosmotic fish gain water and salt ions?

Answer 10

Food and drinking seawater

Question 11

What is excreted from the gills and body surface?

Answer 11

Salt is lost in the gills, osmotic water is lost through gills and parts of body surface

Question 12

What is excreted in a hypoosmotic fish in urine?

Answer 12

Salt ions and very small amounts of water

Question 13

Is a fish hypoosmotic or hyperosmotic in freshwater?

Answer 13

Hyperosmotic

Question 14

Where does a freshwater fish gain water? Does it drink?

Answer 14

Gain water and some ions from food

No they don’t drink

Question 15

Where does salt uptake occur in fish? Osmotic water?

Answer 15

Salt uptake in gills

Osmotic water through gills and body surface

Question 16

What do freshwater fish excrete?

Answer 16

Very little salt ions and large amounts of water in urine

Question 17

Stock eye salmon are considered what?

Answer 17

Euryhaline

Question 18

True or false…. Salmon do not tolerate both salt water and freshwater.

Answer 18

False

Question 19

What does it mean to be anhydrobiosis?

Answer 19

Adjust to no water but still living

Question 20

Water bears are made up of how much water when hydrated? Dehydrated?

Answer 20

85% when hydrated

2% when dehydrated

Question 21

What are the reasons for insect exoskeletons and shells in osmoregulation?

Answer 21

Help prevent water loss

Question 22

What is the water balance between a desert animal and terrestrial animal

Answer 22

Desert- drink little water

Terrestrial- drink large amounts of water

Question 23

________ and ________ of water should be balanced

Answer 23

Intake

Release

Question 24

Osmoregulators must expend what to maintain osmotic gradient

Answer 24

Energy

Question 25

The amount of energy an osmoregulator uses is based on what?

Answer 25

Magnitude of the osmotic gradient

Question 26

What type of cells are specialized for moving solutes in specific directions

Answer 26

Epithelial cells

Question 27

Epithelial cells are arranged in what

Answer 27

Complex tubular networks

Question 28

What is an example of countercurrent osmoregulation in birds using transport epithelium? Where does this take place?

Answer 28

Salt excreting nasal glands Supa orbital (nasal salt gland)

Question 29

How do marine iguanas remove salt? Sea turtles? Mangroves? Petrol? Do these require lots of energy

Answer 29

Iguanas- blow salt out of nose Sea turtles- release salt from duct under eye Mangroves- salt glands will pump out salt from its roots Petrol- salt drips off beak Yes these processes are energetically expensive

Question 30

What is excretion

Answer 30

The disposal of nitrogen containing waste from the body

Question 31

What are the 4 steps in removing waste?

Answer 31

1. Filtration 2. Reabsorption 3. Secretion 4. Excretion

Question 32

What cells make up the excretion pathway?

Answer 32

Simple cuboidal and simple columnar

Question 33

What are the different types of excretory systems? Give an example of what animal uses it

Answer 33

1. Protonephridia (flatworm) 2. Metanephridia (earthworms) 3. Mapighian (insects) 4. Kidneys (vertebrates)

Question 34

What makes up a flame cell?

Answer 34

Cap cell and tubule cell

Question 35

How does protonephridia work?

Answer 35

The cilia spins to create a current inside the flame bulb. Interstitial fluid is sucked into the cap cell and transported through the tubule to an opening in the body wall

Question 36

What two processes occur in protonephridia?

Answer 36

Filtration and excretion

Question 37

What is the main difference between protonephridia and metanephridia?

Answer 37

Metanephridia will have some reabsorption into blood vessels

Question 38

What are the main parts of metanephridia?

Answer 38

Collecting tubule, internal opening, bladder, external opening

Question 39

How does metanephridia work?

Answer 39

The internal opening spins to pick up fluid from the chamber. Fluid travels through the collecting tubule where reabsorption occurs. Waste is moved through the bladder and excreted through an external opening

Question 40

Where does collection occur in metanephridia?

Answer 40

From adjacent chambers

Question 41

What is coelom?

Answer 41

Body cavity

Question 42

Where are malpighian tubules

Answer 42

Just after the midgut

Question 43

Do malpighian tumbles have blood vessels?

Answer 43

No

Question 44

What mixes with waste in malpighian tubules

Answer 44

Salt, water, nitrogenous waste

Question 45

What type of circulatory system does an animal have with malpighian tubules

Answer 45

Open circulatory systems

Question 46

Does filtration occur in malpighian tubules

Answer 46

No filtration but transport epithelia

Question 47

Feces and waste are excreted where in malpighian tubules

Answer 47

Cloaca

Question 48

What is secretion

Answer 48

Back into tube from blood but not in filtration

Question 49

What type epithelial tissue make up transport epithelia

Answer 49

Cuboidal and columnar

Question 50

What is reabsorption in malpighian tubules

Answer 50

Water, ions, valuable organic molecules

Question 51

Malpighian tubules are immersed in what?

Answer 51

Hemolymph

Question 52

How much liquid can a kidney hold?

Answer 52

300-350 mL

Question 53

What processes do kidneys have?

Answer 53

Filtration Reabsorption Secretion Excretion

Question 54

What does kidneys filter out?

Answer 54

Urea from blood

Question 55

What is reabsorbed is a nephron

Answer 55

Sugars

Question 56

What is secreted from the blood back to the nephron?

Answer 56

Waste products too large to be filtered out initially

Question 57

How many nephrons are in the body

Answer 57

2 million

Question 58

What is the correlation between the loop of Henle and water absorption

Answer 58

Longer the loop, the more water can be absorbed

Question 59

How much blood is filtered in the kidney each day?

Answer 59

180 L of blood

Question 60

How much urine is produced each day?

Answer 60

1.5 L of urine

Question 61

Can diet influence kidney function?

Answer 61

Yes, high protein diets= high nitrogenous waste production rates

Question 62

What is required if having a high protein diet?

Answer 62

Require high rate blood filtration in kidney and high water input

Question 63

How much can a vampire bat consume in one sitting

Answer 63

50% it’s body mass

Question 64

How much urine can a vampire bat produce

Answer 64

24% of body mass

Question 65

How much urine do bats produce when in roost? How much concentrated urine do humans produce?

Answer 65

4600 mOsm/L of concentrated urine Humans- 1200 mOsm/L