Respiratory System Flashcards
Three types of respiration:
External respiration
Internal (or tissue) respiration
Cellular respiration
External respiration
Process in the lungs where oxygen is absorbed from the atmosphere into the blood within the pulmonary capillaries.
Carbon dioxide is excreted.
Internal (or tissue) respiration:
The exchange of gases between blood in the systemic capillaries and the tissue fluid and cells that surround them.
Cellular respiration:
In which individual cells gain energy by breaking down molecules such as glucose.
Occurs in the mitochondria, consumes oxygen, and generates carbon dioxide.
Pulmonary ventilation (breathing):
Describes bulk movement of air into and out of the lungs. The ventilatory pump comprises the rib cage with its associated muscles and the diaphragm.
Functional classifications:
The conducting part
The respiratory part
The conducting part:
- Series of cavities and tick-walled tubes
- Conduct air between nose and lungs
- Warm, humidity, and clean air
- No gas exchange occurs here
- Includes the nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.
The respiratory part:
- Tiny thin-walled airways
- Gasses exchanges between air and blood
- The airways are respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and sacs, and the alveoli themselves
Anatomical/structural classification:
Upper respiratory tract
Nose to larynx
Anatomical/structural classification:
Lower respiratory tract
Trachea to alveoli
Role of the seromucous gland
- Below epithelium
- Humidification
Role of the vibrissae
- Coarse hairs
- Filter
Role of the pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium cells and goblet cells in the nasal cavity
- Filter
- Humidification
- “respiratory epithelium”
Role of the turbinates (nasal conchae)
- Located in the nasal cavity
- Superior, middle and inferior turbinates increase the surface area of the nasal cavity, causing turbulence to mix air
- Slows air down
- Makes dry air wet
Role of the rich blood supply underneath the epithelium
- Heat and warming
The Nasal cavity:
Structures involved with humidification
- Goblet cells
- Secretions of seromucous glands
The Nasal cavity:
Structures involved with filtering
- Ciliated epithelium
- Vibrissae
The Nasal cavity:
Structures involved with warming
- Rich blood vessel supply
What structure is supported by a “C-shaped” ring?
The trachea
- Made of cartilage
- Free ends are attached to the trachealis muscle (smooth), whose contraction narrows the diameter of the trachea
What is the trachea lined with?
- Ciliated epithelium (pseudostratified columnar)
- Cilia transport a mucous sheet upwards to the nasopharynx (the “mucociliary escalator”)
The layers of the bronchus wall from inside out:
- Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium
- Smooth muscle (thin layer, doesn’t contribute much to the tube)
- Mucous glands
- Cartilage: arranged in plates, keeps the lumen open
- Alveoli (not part of the bronchus wall)
Wall of the bronchiole from inside out:
- Club cells and simple columnar (sometimes cuboidal) ciliated epithelium
- smooth muscle
- alveoli, once again not part of the wall, only indicates the end