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Medsci 142 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Three types of respiration:

A

External respiration
Internal (or tissue) respiration
Cellular respiration

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2
Q

External respiration

A

Process in the lungs where oxygen is absorbed from the atmosphere into the blood within the pulmonary capillaries.
Carbon dioxide is excreted.

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3
Q

Internal (or tissue) respiration:

A

The exchange of gases between blood in the systemic capillaries and the tissue fluid and cells that surround them.

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4
Q

Cellular respiration:

A

In which individual cells gain energy by breaking down molecules such as glucose.
Occurs in the mitochondria, consumes oxygen, and generates carbon dioxide.

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5
Q

Pulmonary ventilation (breathing):

A

Describes bulk movement of air into and out of the lungs. The ventilatory pump comprises the rib cage with its associated muscles and the diaphragm.

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6
Q

Functional classifications:

A

The conducting part

The respiratory part

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7
Q

The conducting part:

A
  • Series of cavities and tick-walled tubes
  • Conduct air between nose and lungs
  • Warm, humidity, and clean air
  • No gas exchange occurs here
  • Includes the nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.
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8
Q

The respiratory part:

A
  • Tiny thin-walled airways
  • Gasses exchanges between air and blood
  • The airways are respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and sacs, and the alveoli themselves
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9
Q

Anatomical/structural classification:

Upper respiratory tract

A

Nose to larynx

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10
Q

Anatomical/structural classification:

Lower respiratory tract

A

Trachea to alveoli

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11
Q

Role of the seromucous gland

A
  • Below epithelium

- Humidification

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12
Q

Role of the vibrissae

A
  • Coarse hairs

- Filter

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13
Q

Role of the pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium cells and goblet cells in the nasal cavity

A
  • Filter
  • Humidification
  • “respiratory epithelium”
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14
Q

Role of the turbinates (nasal conchae)

A
  • Located in the nasal cavity
  • Superior, middle and inferior turbinates increase the surface area of the nasal cavity, causing turbulence to mix air
  • Slows air down
  • Makes dry air wet
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15
Q

Role of the rich blood supply underneath the epithelium

A
  • Heat and warming
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16
Q

The Nasal cavity:

Structures involved with humidification

A
  • Goblet cells

- Secretions of seromucous glands

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17
Q

The Nasal cavity:

Structures involved with filtering

A
  • Ciliated epithelium

- Vibrissae

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18
Q

The Nasal cavity:

Structures involved with warming

A
  • Rich blood vessel supply
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19
Q

What structure is supported by a “C-shaped” ring?

A

The trachea

  • Made of cartilage
  • Free ends are attached to the trachealis muscle (smooth), whose contraction narrows the diameter of the trachea
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20
Q

What is the trachea lined with?

A
  • Ciliated epithelium (pseudostratified columnar)

- Cilia transport a mucous sheet upwards to the nasopharynx (the “mucociliary escalator”)

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21
Q

The layers of the bronchus wall from inside out:

A
  • Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium
  • Smooth muscle (thin layer, doesn’t contribute much to the tube)
  • Mucous glands
  • Cartilage: arranged in plates, keeps the lumen open
  • Alveoli (not part of the bronchus wall)
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22
Q

Wall of the bronchiole from inside out:

A
  • Club cells and simple columnar (sometimes cuboidal) ciliated epithelium
  • smooth muscle
  • alveoli, once again not part of the wall, only indicates the end
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23
Q

Club cells

A
  • Found in bronchiole
  • Secrete watery substance which helps with hydration, secretes H20 and antimicrobial enzymes which attack any bacteria not previously picked up
24
Q

Bronchiole: smooth muscle

A
  • Controls tone of airways

- Important in controlling and maintaining the diameter of the tube

25
Q

Asthma and bronchioles

A
  • Triggers bronchoconstriction, reduces the amount of airflow into the respiratory zone (acute asthma attack)
  • Treated with a bronchodilator (e.g. a puffer) relaxes smooth muscle
  • Drug commonly used is called salbutamol (Ventolin)
26
Q

Alveoli

A

Capillaries wrapped around a single alveolus

27
Q

Cells in the alveolar wall

A
  • Capillaries (red blood cells)
  • Squamous pneumocytes
  • Surfactant cells
  • Alveolar macrophage
28
Q

Type I alveolar cells

A
  • Squamous pneumocytes

- need to be thin to ensure gas exchange can occur

29
Q

Type II alveolar cells

A
  • Surfactant cells
  • Prevent collapse of alveoli on expiration
  • Repel each other to keep the lumen open
  • Reduces surface tension
  • Reduces “work of breathing” (amount of energy required to get air in and inflate structures, reduced by surfactant
30
Q

Alveolar macrophage

A
  • Eat any remaining bacteria
  • Helps with any leakage of blood from bleeding lung
  • Phagocytose and remove dust and other particles
31
Q

Premature babies: less than 30 weeks old

A
  • Go into respiratory distress as they have little to no surfactant, so every time they breathe out alveolar collapse and stick together
  • Big gulps of air and pressure are needed to reinflate, causes difficulty breathing
32
Q

Alveolus wall: starting in the lumen, describe the order of layers that an oxygen molecule must pass through to reach a red blood cell

A
  • Lumen of alveolus
  • Type I pneumocyte cell cytoplasm
  • Fused basement membrane of type I alveolar cell and endothelial cells
  • Cytoplasm of the capillary endothelium
  • Blood plasma
  • RBC
33
Q

Cartilage supports the ____ airways during inspiration but does not continue beyond the ______ bronchi. Mucous glands ____ here.

A

large
smallest
stop

34
Q

The thickness of the epithelium ______ as airway diameter decreases.

A

decreases

35
Q

Small airways have ____ smooth muscle (in spiral orientation) in relation to their size than large ones, but the muscle coat does not continue beyond the smallest bronchioles.

A

more

36
Q

The epithelium of the conducting airways contains secretory cells. Goblet cells secrete mucus in the ____ airways, Club cells release a serous (watery) secretion in ______.

A

large

bronchioles

37
Q

Quiet breathing

A
  • Movement of the ribcage is responsible for about 25% of air movement into and out of the lungs
  • Inspiration is active. It requires contraction of the external intercostal muscles which run obliquely between ribs
  • Expiration is passive. The ribcage returns to its resting position without requiring muscular contraction
38
Q

Breathing during exercise

A

Both sets of intercostal muscles are now active, externals for inspiration, internals for expiration

39
Q

The diaphragm is a dome-shaped platform that forms the ____ of the thorax and the ____ of the abdomen. Its central part is a thin sheet of ______ ______, (technically an aponeurosis) called the central tendon. The lateral margins are muscular. The muscle is a fast-acting _____ muscle, innervated by the phrenic nerve.

A

floor
roof
connective tissue
skeletal

40
Q

Contraction of the diaphragmatic muscle _____ the diaphragm, pulling its central dome _______. This _____ the volume of the thorax and causes inspiration.

A

flattens
downwards
increases

41
Q

Passive relaxation of the muscle allows the diaphragm to lift back towards the thorax, ______ thoracic volume, (expiration).

A

reducing

42
Q

Movement of the diaphragm is responsible for __% of bulk flow of air during quiet breathing, a smaller proportion during exercise.

A

75

43
Q

Which cell is responsible for secreting surfactants in the lung?

A

Type II cell

44
Q

Which of the following is NOT a feature of the wall of the trachea?

  • C-shaped cartilage
  • Mucus producing cells
  • Elastic fibers
  • Stratified squamous epithelium
  • Ciliated epithelial cells
A

Stratified squamous epithelium

45
Q

What is normally found between the visceral and parietal layers of the pleura?

A

Serous fluid

46
Q

Cells that remove fine dust particles and other debris from the alveolar space are called

A

Alveolar macrophages

47
Q

Which of the following is NOT found in or on the walls of alveoli?

  • Endothelial cells of capillaries
  • Macrophages
  • Squamous (type 1) epithelial cells
  • Mucus-secreting epithelial cells
  • Surfactant-secreting (type II) epithelial cells
A

Mucus-secreting epithelial cells

48
Q

“External respiration” means:

a) the metabolic reactions within cells that consume oxygen and yield energy
b) all of the options are correct
c) the exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood in systemic capillaries and the tissue fluid which surrounds them
d) the exchange of O2 and CO2 between air and blood which occurs in the alveoli
e) the flow of air into and out of the lungs by way of conducting airways during inspiration and expiration

A 
a - no; this is cellular respiration
b - no
c - no; this is internal respiration
d - correct
e - no, this is ventilation
49
Q

The following statements about the respiratory zone are correct EXCEPT:

a) it is the site of external respiration
b) it contains type I squamous pneumocytes
c) it begins around the 20th generation of branching
d) it contains respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts
e) it includes airways both inside and outside the lungs

A

a - true, this is gas exchange between the air and the blood
b - true
c - true
d - true
e - incorrect; the conducting zone contains some airways outside the lungs eg trachea, but not the respiratory zone

50
Q

Which one of the following statements about bronchi is correct?

a) they are lined with an epithelium specialized to secrete and transport mucus towards the alveoli
b) they are airways that extend between the pharynx and the bronchioles
c) the diameter of their lumen is smaller than bronchioles
d) they do not require cartilage to strengthen their walls
e) they cannot participate in gas exchange as their walls are too thick to allow rapid diffusion

A

a - no; the mucus is transported away from the alveoli
b - no; the trachea is in between as well
c - no; they are bigger than bronchioles
d - no; they have irregular cartilage
e - correct; they are not part of the respiratory region

51
Q

The visceral pleura:

a) has air on one side and lung tissue on the other
b) is composed of a thin layer of flattened cells covering the surface of the lung
c) covers the upper surface of the diaphragm
d) extends down the airways as far as the bronchioles
e) is the thin layer that forms the smooth lining of the thoracic cavities

A

a - no; there is no air in contact with the pleura
b - correct; the visceral pleura covers the lung completely with squamous cells
c - no; that would be the parietal pleura
d - no; it does not go inside the airways
e - no; that would be the parietal pleura

52
Q

Which of the following is found throughout the respiratory tree i.e. in both conducting and respiratory regions?

a) elastic fibers
b) Type II cells
c) ciliated epithelial cells
d) cartilage
e) mucus-secreting cells

A

a - correct by process of elimination
b - Type II cells not found in conducting regions
c - ciliated epithelial not found in respiratory regions
d - cartilage only in conducting region
e - mucus-secreting only in conducting regions

53
Q

Which of the following lists the structure’s incorrect order of airflow?

a) nasopharynx, oropharynx, trachea, bronchioles, bronchi
b) nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, trachea, alveoli
c) oropharynx, laryngopharynx, nasopharynx, trachea, alveoli
d) oropharynx, laryngopharynx, trachea, bronchioles, bronchi
e) nasopharynx, laryngopharynx, oropharynx, trachea

A 
a - wrong; bronchioles are after bronchi
b - correct; trachea is not immediately before alveoli but the order is right
c - naso comes first
d - bronchioles and bronchi wrong order
e - naso then oro then laryn
54
Q

The muscles of ventilation are:

a) smooth muscles innervated by cranial nerves
b) skeletal muscles innervated by spinal nerves
c) smooth muscles innervated by spinal nerves
d) cardiac muscles
e) skeletal muscles innervated by cranial nerves

A

a - incorrect as smooth muscles are not under voluntary control, we can control our breathing
b - correct; specifically the phrenic nerves which come from the cervical region (C3-C5)
c - incorrect
d - only found in the heart
e - not innervated by cranial nerves

55
Q

The right lung:

a) receives deoxygenated blood from the left ventricle
b) has a pronounced notch, the cardiac notch which accommodates the heart
c) is covered with a smooth slippery parietal pleura
d) has three lobes and two fissures (horizontal and oblique)
e) is attached on the lateral surface to the right primary bronchus at a region called the hilus

A

a - deoxygenated blood comes from the right ventricle
b - this describes the left lung
c - the lung is covered with visceral pleura, not parietal
d - correct; the left lung has two lobes
e - lateral is towards the outside, the primary bronchus attaches medially

56
Q

Which of the following is NOT found in or on the walls of the alveoli?

a) macrophages
b) endothelial cells of capillaries
c) squamous (Type I) epithelial cells
d) surfactant secreting (Type II) epithelial cells
e) mucus-secreting epithelial cells

A

e - no mucus is secreted in the alveoli as the air is clean by the time it reaches them and does not require filtering

Medsci 142 (9 decks)

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