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Medsci 142 > Nervous System: Brain and Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Nervous System: Brain and Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the ‘Cerebral Cortex’ and what is it made from?

A

The outer rim of the cerebrum.
Contains billions of layers of neurons
Grey matter

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2
Q

Cerebral cortex during embryonic development

A

Grows faster than white matter.

Results in folding in the cortical region

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3
Q

What are the left and right hemisphere split by?

A

Longitudle fissure

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4
Q

What is cerebral white matter made from?

A

Primarily myelinated axons

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5
Q

Name the three types of tracts of cerebral white matter:

A

Association: Nerve impulses through axons to and from gyri in the same hemisphere

Commiseral: Conduct between gyri in different hemispheres

projection: Cerebrum to CNS or low parts of CNS to the cerebrum

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6
Q

Where is the primary visual cortex located?

A

The back end of the occipital lobe

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7
Q

Where is the primary somatosensory cortex located?

A

The parietal area

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8
Q

The lateral fissure primarily separates the:

A

Frontal from temporal lobe

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9
Q

The key function of the temporal association cortex:

A
  • Memory
  • Aggression
  • Mood
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10
Q

The key function of the frontal association cortex:

A
  • Intelligence
  • Personality
  • Behaviour
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11
Q

The key function of the parietal association cortex:

A
  • Spacial skills

- 3D recognition

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12
Q

The function of arcuate fasciculus

A
  • To align speech recognition/comprehension with speech production
  • Goes from Wernicke’s area to Broca’s area
  • Lesion causes connectional aphasia
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13
Q

Major symptoms of a person with non-fluent aphasia

A
  • Inability to coordinate muscular movements for generating speech
  • Can understand but can’t speak
  • Lesion in Broca’s area
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14
Q

Fluent aphasia

A
  • Caused by a lesion in Wernicke’s area

- Person can speak but not coherently

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15
Q

Connectional aphasia

A
  • Legion in arcuate fascicula

- Makes people say stuff that isn’t relevant to the conversation

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16
Q

Broca’s speech area

A
  • Speaking and understanding language
  • From this area, nerve impulses pass through premotor regions which control muscles of the larynx, pharynx, and mouth
  • Legion = can’t speak thoughts (non-fluent aphasia)
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17
Q

Cerebellum function

A
  • Smooths and coordinates skeletal muscle contractions

- Regulates posture and balance

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18
Q

Parts of diencephalon

A
  • Thalamus
  • Hypotherlumus
  • Epithalamus
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19
Q

Thalamus function

A
  • Relays almost all sensory information to the cerebral cortex
  • Maintenance of consciousness
  • Contributes to motor function
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20
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • Autonomic nervous system
  • Produces, releases, and inhibits hormones like oxytocin and ADH
  • Emotional and behavioral patterns
  • Regulates satiety, thirst, and temperature
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21
Q

Epithalamus

A
  • Consists of the pineal gland
  • Secretes melatonin
  • Habenular nuclei (involved in olfaction)
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22
Q

Basal nuclei: primary function

A

1) Receives information from the cerebral cortex

2) Provides output to motor parts of cortex via the medial and ventral group nuclei of the thalamus

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23
Q

Basal nuclei: other functions

A
  • Initiation and termination of movement
  • Control subconscious contraction of skeletal muscles
  • Made of grey matter
  • Lesions can cause Parkinson’s, OCD, schizophrenia, Huntington’s, turrets, etc.
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24
Q

The three parts of the brainstem, top to bottom:

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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25
Q

Midbrain

A
  • Contains sensory (ascending) and motor (descending) tracts
  • Superior colliculi coordinate movements of the head, eyes, and trunk in response to visual stimuli
  • Inferior colliculi do the same but in response to auditory stimulu
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26
Q

Superior colliculi

A

Visual

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27
Q

Inferior colliculi

A

Auditory

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28
Q

Pons

A
  • Contains sensory (ascending) and motor (descending) tracts
  • Pontine nuclei relay nerve impulses from motor areas of the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum
  • Along with medulla, contains vesicular nuclei that are part of equilibrium pathway to the brain
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29
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A
  • Contains sensory (ascending) and motor (descending) tracts
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30
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • Involved in the perception of information
  • Basal nuclei: initiate and terminate movement, regulate muscle tone
  • Limbic system: promotes a range of emotions, including pleasure, pain, docility, affection, anger, etc.
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31
Q

Anatomy of spinal cord

A
  • 31 pairs of spinal nerves
  • Dorsal (sensory) and ventral motor roots
  • Grey and white matter
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32
Q

Meninges

A
  • The protective connective tissue coverings encircle the spinal cord
  • From inside out, pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater
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33
Q

Spinal cord: motor output

A
  • Ventral root fibers
  • Lower motor neurons
    peripheral nerve
  • motor endplate/muscles
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34
Q

Spinal cord: sensory input

A
  • Peripheral receptors/dermatomes
  • Discriminative touch and pressure
  • Non-discriminative pain and temperature
  • Dorsal root fibers/ganglia/central connections
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35
Q

Non-discriminative pathways

A
  • Pain and temperature
  • Free nerve ending
  • Not fired as often
  • Slow, about 1m/s
  • Unmyelinated
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36
Q

Discriminative pathway

A
  • Tough and pressure
  • Encapsulated receptor
    • Pressure = Pacinian corpsule
    • Touch = meisners corpuscle
  • Myelinated
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37
Q

Discriminative: Neuron 1

A

Start: Primary root afferent

Middle: Dorsal column of the spinal cord

End: Gracile or cuneate nucleus

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38
Q

Discriminative: Neuron 2

A

Start: Gracile or cuneate nucleus

Middle: Internal arcuate fibers/medial lemniscus

End: ventro-posterior thalamus

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39
Q

Discriminative: Neuron 3

A

Start: Ventro-posterior thalamus

Middle: Internal capsule

End: Primary somatosensory cortex

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40
Q

Non-Discriminative: Neuron 1

A

Start: Primary root afferents

Middle: Dorsal root ganglion

End: Dorsal horn of the spinal cord

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41
Q

Non-Discriminative: Neuron 2

A

Start: Dorsal horn of the spinal cord

Middle: lateral spinothalamic tract

End: Ventro-posterior thalamus

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42
Q

Non-Discriminative: Neuron 3

A

Start: Ventro-posterior thalamus

Middle: Internal capsule

End: Primary somatosensory cortex

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43
Q

The pathway to the brainstem which conveys discriminative touch and pressure sensation is the:

A

Medial lemniscus

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44
Q

The pathway in the brainstem for non-discriminatory pain and temperature is the:

A

Lateral spinothalamic tract

45
Q

Both Non-Discriminative and Discriminative pathways terminate in the:

A

The ventro-posterior nucleus of the thalamus

46
Q

Motor symptoms of lesion on right side of basal ganglia

A
  • Effects left side of the body
  • Unrefined voluntary movements
  • Difficulty initiating movement
  • Difficulty with handwriting and expressing mood due to loss of smoothing system
47
Q

Motor symptoms of lesions on the right side of the cerebellum

A
  • Loss of balance
  • Right side of the body
  • Difficulty stopping movement
  • Loss of normalization of actual movement to align with the planned movement
48
Q

Lesion on right side of arm area in the motor cortex

A
  • Left side of the body
  • Loss of voluntary contraction of the limb
  • Spastic paralysis
49
Q

Lesion on right side of lower motor neurons of spinal cord

A
  • Right side of the body
  • Flaccid paralysis
  • Muscles are unable to be controlled either voluntarily or involuntary
50
Q

A patient has a sudden stroke. Their symptoms include:
- Spastic paralysis on the left side of the face and upper left limb
- Loss of hearing in the left ear
- Problems with non-verbal communication
What areas did the stroke affect?

A
  • Right primary motor cortex
  • Right auditory complex
  • Right somatosensory cortex
  • Non-dominant hemisphere (right)
51
Q

Most characteristic symptoms of Parkinson’s disease

A
  • Bradykinesia
  • Rigidity
  • Tremor at rest
52
Q

The most recently developed surgical treatment of P.D is __________ of the region in the basal ganglia known as the ________.

A
  • Deep brain stimulation

- Subthalamic nucleus/globus pallidus internal

53
Q

The cerebral hemispheres are connected internally by the:

A

Corpus callosum

54
Q

The cell bodies of upper motor neurons are located in the:

A

Motor cortex

55
Q

The lateral spinothalamic tract conveys:

A

Sensory impulses regarding pain and temperature

56
Q

Treatment for Parkinson’s disease

A
  • Lesion in the thalamus
  • Deep brain stimulation
  • A lesion in the globus pallidus
  • Drug treatment with L-DOPA
57
Q

Receptors for the pressure that are widely distributed in the subcutaneous tissue and submucosal tissue are the:

A

Pacinian corpuscles

58
Q

The primary visual area and the visual association area of the cerebral cortex are both located in the:

A

Occipital lobe

59
Q

The posterior (dorsal) root ganglion is:

A

Where the cell bodies of sensory neurons are located

60
Q

The medial lemniscus is a projection tract of second-order neurons extending from the:

A

Medulla to the thalamus

61
Q

Symptoms from a lesion of the corticospinal tract on the right side of the brainstem:

A

A spastic paralysis on the left side of the body

62
Q

Cell bodies of motor neurons to skeletal muscle are located in the:

A

Anterior grey horn

63
Q

If a stroke caused damage to the posterior third of the inferior frontal gyrus in the left hemisphere, what would the expected result be?

A

Motor/expressive aphasia

64
Q

Lamina terminalis:

A
  • In brain
  • Thin sheet of grey and pia mater
  • Essential in Na+ secretion
  • Between hypothalamus and forebrain
65
Q

Septum pellucidum:

A
  • Below corpus callosum
  • Partition between a potion of lateral ventricles
  • Made of white matter, neurons, fiber bundles, and blood vessels
66
Q

Interventricular foramen

A
  • Near hypothalamus and fornix
  • Connects lateral ventricles to the third ventricle
  • Transport of cerebral spinal fluid through the brain
67
Q

Fornix

A
  • Above hypothalamus

- Transmits information from the hippocampus to the mammillary bodies and anterior nucleus of the thalamus

68
Q

These habits and emotions are controlled primarily by the hypothalamus

A
  • Eating and drinking
  • Rage and aggression
  • Body temperature
  • Pain and pleasure
69
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by this structure

A

Choroid plexus

70
Q

The internal capsule is composed of which fiber tracts

A

projection tracts

71
Q

Which part of the limbic system functions with other parts of the cerebrum in memory

A

hippocampus

72
Q

The cerebral lobe that is deep within the lateral cerebral sulcus and not evident in the external view of the brain

A

insula

73
Q

Paired masses of gray matter within the white matter of the cerebrum that are rich in dopamine and are involved in the maintenance of muscle tone are called

A

basal ganglia

74
Q

This structure produces a variety of hormones and monitors the water concentration and temperature of the blood

A

hypothalamus

75
Q

The left side of the cerebrum controls skeletal muscles on the right side of the body because motor neurons cross from left to right where:

A

medulla

76
Q

In the thalamus, hypothalamus and pineal gland develop from what structure

A

Diencephalon

77
Q

The primary motor area of the cerebral cortex is located where

A

precentral gyrus

78
Q

the structure that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus

A

infundibulum

79
Q

These abilities are controlled by the right cerebral hemisphere

A

space and pattern perception
imagination
artistic awareness
muscles on the left side of the body

80
Q

Which cranial nerve contains large motor and sensory components

A

Vagus

81
Q

The gray matter of the central nervous system consists of these structures

A

Cell bodies and dendrites

82
Q

The cerebral aqueduct connects what structures

A

third and fourth ventricles

83
Q

The region of the brain that borders each side of the third ventricle

A

thalamus

84
Q

Physiological functions regulated by the medulla

A

Heart rate
respiratory rate
blood vessel diameter
swallowing

85
Q

Pain, pleasure, rage, fear, sorrow, sexual feelings, docility, and affection are primarily functions of which brain area

A

the limbic system

86
Q

4 major parts of the brain

A

brain stem
diencephalon
cerebrum
cerebellum

87
Q

CSF is produced in this area because it is lined with these cells

A

choroid plexus

ependymal cells

88
Q

The largest cavity located in each hemisphere of the cerebrum is

A

lateral ventricle

89
Q

The brain area that translates thoughts into speech

A

Broca’s area

90
Q

The brain area that understands words

A

Wernicke’s area

91
Q

The brain structure controls 2 main vital systems and what are they

A

Medulla: cardiovascular center and respiratory system

92
Q

This area of the cerebrum receives sensations related to taste

A

primary gustatory area

93
Q

Structures of the diencephalon

A

thalamus
epithalamus
hypothalamus

94
Q

The CSF formed in the choroid plexuses and circulates continually through which areas of the brain

A

subarachnoid spaces
ventricles
central canal

95
Q

Function of CSF

A

shock absorber
nutrition
waste removal

96
Q

The blood-brain barrier is formed from which cells

A

astrocytes

97
Q

Brain’s islands of white matter are comprised of what structures

A

axons

98
Q

Brain’s islands of grey matter are comprised of what structures

A

nuclei

99
Q

left brain function

A

sensation from the right side of the body
controls muscles of the right side of the body
reasoning
math science
language - spoken, written, sign
dominant in right-handed individuals

100
Q

right brain function

A 
sensation from the left side of the body
controls muscles on the left side of the body
patterns
music
art
recognition of the face, emotion
the emotional content of language
dominant in left-handed individuals
101
Q

Projection tracts are located where

A

internal capsule

102
Q

the major relay station of the brain for both sensory-motor impulses and autonomic activity

A

thalamus

103
Q

meaning of the term “limbic”

A

borderline; located at the border of the cerebrum to the border of the diencephalon

104
Q

2 components of the limbic system

A

amygdala - rage and aggression

hippocampus - memory

105
Q

Axons that connect the lower parts of the brain to the cerebrum

A

Projection tracts

106
Q

The thalamus borders this ventricle

A

3rd

107
Q

Epithalamus is made of 2 structures

A 
the pineal glands
habenular nuclei (regulates emotional responses to odors)
108
Q

This gland produces melatonin which promotes sleep

A

pineal gland

109
Q

Hypothalamus tells this gland what to do

A

pituitary

Medsci 142 (9 decks)

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