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Medsci 142 > Cardiovascular System Part 1 > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Which circuit has the greatest drop in pressure

A

Systemic

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2
Q

Which circuit has a medium pressure and resistance

A

Pulmonary

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3
Q

Which circuit has a higher pressure and resistance

A

Systemic

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4
Q

In which circuit do veins carry deoxygenated blood

A

Systemic

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5
Q

In which circuit do arteries carry deoxygenated blood

A

Pulmonary

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6
Q

In which circuit do veins carry oxygenated blood

A

Pulmonary

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7
Q

In which circuit do arteries carry oxygenated blood

A

Systemic

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8
Q

Blood volume found in systemic veins

A

84%

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9
Q

Total blood volume

A

5L

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10
Q

Total blood output

A

5L/min

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11
Q

Ventricular pump: Filling phase

A

Ventricle fills from the venous end (vein)

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12
Q

Ventricular pump: Ejection phase

A

Contraction, the volume goes down, inlet valve closed and outlet valve open

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13
Q

Ventricular pump: Improvement #1

A

The atrium accumulates venous blood during the ejection phase

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14
Q

Ventricular pump: Imporvement #2

A

Adding auricle, increase the capacity of the atrium

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15
Q

How outlet valves work

A
  • Ventricular ejection
  • Ventricular relaxation
  • Ventricular pressure decreases
  • Pressure in great arteries is larger
  • Blood flows to ventricles
  • Filling semilunar valves of the ventricles
  • Valve flaps forced together to make a seal
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16
Q

What is the inner and outer wall of pericardium made of?

A

Single-layer of squamous mesothelium

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17
Q

Layers of pericardium from inside out

A
  • Visceral pericardium
  • Pericardial space (serous fluid)
  • parietal pericardium
  • fibrous pericardium
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18
Q

Where does the apex of the heart point

A

Points inferiorly, anteriorly to the left

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19
Q

The right border of the heart is formed mainly by the _______

A

Right atrium

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20
Q

The left border of the heart is formed mainly by the ____

A

The left ventricle and partially left atrium

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21
Q

The inferior border of the heart is formed mainly by the _______

A

Right ventricle

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22
Q

Which valve is not supported by a fibrous ring?

A

The pulmonary valve

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23
Q

Pathway of AP

A

SA node -> AV node -> atrioventricular bundle -> bundle branches -> Purkinje fibres

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24
Q

Elastic artery: Systole

A

Blood flows into the artery faster than it can flow out, it stretches the artery causing it to store kinetic energy

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25
Q

Elastic artery: Diastole

A

Pushes blood out into arterial tree by elastic recoil

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26
Q

Elastic artery: structure

A

many thin sheets of elastin

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27
Q

Conduction system of heart: speed of SA node -> atrial muscle

A

Slow 0.5m/s

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28
Q

Conduction system of heart: speed atrioventricular node

A

Very slow 0.05m/s

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29
Q

Conduction system of heart: speed of AV bundle -> Purkinje fibers

A

Fast 5m/s

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30
Q

Conduction system of heart: Result of SA node -> atrial muscle

A

Atrial contraction

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31
Q

Conduction system of heart: Result of Atrioventricular node

A

100ms second delay, allows atria to top up ventricle with blood

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32
Q

Conduction system of heart: Result of AV bundle -> Purkinje fibers

A

Complete even ventricular contraction = systole

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33
Q

Which blood vessel is responsible for the bulk distribution of blood around the body

A

Muscular artery

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34
Q

Muscular artery: blood is proportional to the _th power of the _______

A

4th power of the radius

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35
Q

Muscular artery: Structure

A

Many layers of circular smooth muscle wrapped around the vessel in the middle tunic

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36
Q

Which blood vessel controls blood flow?

A

Arteriole

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37
Q

Which vessel has the greatest pressure drop?

A

Arteriole: occurs where the greatest resistance to flow is

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38
Q

The degree of constriction of arterioles determines

A
  • Total peripheral resistance, which affects:

- mean arterial blood pressure

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39
Q

Arteriole: structure

A

Between one and three layers of circular smooth muscle wrapped around the vessel in the middle tunic

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40
Q

Which blood vessel allows for the exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes between blood and surrounding tissue fluid?

A

Capillary

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41
Q

The capillary

A
  • Tiny thin-walled structures
  • Blood flow is slow
  • Both allow for the exchange
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42
Q

Capillary: structure

A
  • Only wide enough for one blood cell

- Capillary wall is a single layer of endothelium

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43
Q

Which blood vessel carries white blood cells around the body to infections?

A

Venules

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44
Q

Venules

A
  • Low-pressure vessels
  • Carry WBC around the body to infection
  • Small venules = endothelium + CT
  • Large venules also have a single layer of smooth muscle
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45
Q

Veins: overview

A
  • Thin-walled, low-pressure vessels
  • drain blood back to atria
  • walls are easily stretched
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46
Q

Veins: structure

A
  • Similar to muscular artery but walls are much thinner for their size (less muscle and CT)
  • Larger veins, like those in legs, have valves to prevent backflow
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47
Q

Coronary arteries: Overview

A
  • The valve immediately upstream is the aortic valve
  • The coronary arteries supply the tissue with oxygenated blood
  • The chamber into which the cardiac veins drain is the right atrium
48
Q

With regard to resistance in the cardiovascular system, the parameter with the largest effect is:

A

Radius

49
Q

An increase in cardiac sympathetic activity would most likely and immediately:

A

increase stroke volume

50
Q

The component of the conduction system providing the only electrical connection between the atria and the ventricles is the:

A

Atrioventricular bundle

51
Q

With regards to the Frank-Starling law of the heart, an increase in venous return to the heart will result in:

A

An increase in end-diastolic volume

52
Q

Electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve would result in:

A

Bradycardia - Bradycardia means your heart rate is slow. This can be completely normal and desirable, but sometimes it can be an abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia). If you have bradycardia and you have certain symptoms along with the slow heart rate, then it means your heartbeat is too slow

53
Q

A decrease in arterial blood pressure would most likely and immediately lead to:

A

Decreased afterload

54
Q

Cardiac output

A

The volume of blood ejected into the aorta from the left ventricle per minute

55
Q

Stroke volume

A

The volume of blood pumped out from one ventricle in one cardiac cycle

56
Q

Venous return

A

Rate of blood returning back to the heart every minute (flow)

57
Q

Cardiac reserve

A
  • The difference between cardiac output when the heart is working as hard as it can and when it is at rest
  • = maximum cardiac output - minimum cardiac output
58
Q

Preload

A

The stretch on the heart before it contracts (EDV)

59
Q

Contractility

A

The strength/force of contraction at any given preload

  • Can be increased by positive inotropic agents (promote Ca2+ entry/influx during cardiac APs)
  • Can be decreased by negative inotropic agents (increase K+ entry or decrease Ca2+ entry)
60
Q

Afterload

A

The pressure required for the blood to be pushed out of the ventricles and into the arteries (the pressure that needs to be overcome to open the semilunar outlet valves)

Increased afterload = decreased stroke volume

61
Q

Frank-Starling law of the heat

A

More preload = greater force of contractility/inotrophy
(More blood pumped in during diastole = more blood pumped out in systole = increase in SV)

The more the heart is filled is diastole, the greater the force of contraction during systole

62
Q

Blood flows from the pulmonary veins into the:

A

left atrium

63
Q

During the cardiac cycle, the volume of blood in the ventricles:

A

Decreases most rapidly in the phase of ventricular ejection

64
Q

The function of the Chordae tendineae is to:

A

Prevent eversion of the AV valves during ventricular systole

65
Q

The part of the heart’s conduction system which conducts most slowly is the

A

Fibers of the AV node

66
Q

Closest CSF producing structure to the midbrain

A

Cerebral aqueduct

67
Q

The semilunar valve is between the:

A

the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk

68
Q

Atrioventricular valves close when the:

A

ventricles contract

69
Q

Atrioventricular valves open when the:

A

Ventricular pressure falls below atrial pressure

70
Q

The function of the Chordae tendineae is to:

A

Prevent eversion of the AV valves during ventricular systole

71
Q

What occurs when the aortic and mitral valves are both closed?

A

Pressure in the left ventricle is either rapidly increasing or decreasing

72
Q

Which structures, seen in a coronal section of the brain, are all white matter?

A

Corpus callosum
Cerebral peduncles
Internal capsule

73
Q

Blood flows into the coronary arteries from the:

A

Ascending aorta

74
Q

Coronary arteries are classified as:

A

Muscular arteries

75
Q

The SA node is located in the:

A

the right atrial wall near the opening of the superior vena cava

76
Q

During the cardiac cycle the papillary muscles contract when:

A

the mitral and tricuspid valves are closing

77
Q

What are the four landmarks visible on the lateral side of the human brain, that define the lobes?

A
  • Lateral fissure
  • Preoccipital notch
  • End of parieto-occipital sulcus
  • Central sulcus
78
Q

The Frank-starling law states that

A

a greater force of contraction can occur if the heart muscle is stretched first

79
Q

The second heart sound (dupp) is created by the:

A

turbulence generated as a result of the closing of the semilunar valves

80
Q

The fibrous skeleton of the human heart:

A
  • It provides attachment for the ventricular inlet and outlet valve cusps
  • It acts as an electrical insulator between the atrial muscle and ventricular muscle
  • It acts to prevent distortion of the ventricular inlet and outlet valves
  • It is penetrated by the atrioventricular bundle of the heart’s conduction system
81
Q

Baroreceptors are located in the:

A

walls of the aorta and carotid arteries

82
Q

A fall in blood pressure results in:

A

a decrease in afferent baroreceptor nerve firing

83
Q

Blood flows most slowly through the:

A

capillaries because their total cross-sectional area is the largest

84
Q

During the cardiac cycle the papillary muscles contract when:

A

the mitral and tricuspid valves are closing

85
Q

Blood pressure is highest in which blood vessel?

A

Brachiocephalic trunk

86
Q

Net filtration equation

A

NFP = (BHP + IFOP) - (BCOP + IFHP)

87
Q

The pulmonary and aortic valves lack Chordae tendineae because:

A

when the valves close the cusps remain stable because of their cup-shape

88
Q

An increase in venous return most directly affects

A

stroke volume

89
Q

Stimulation of the heart by autonomic nerve fibers traveling with the vagus nerve causes:

A

decreased heart rate and no change in ventricular contractility

90
Q

If Ach is applied to the heart, but the cardiac output is to remain constant, which of the following would have to happen?

A

stroke volume must increase

91
Q

An increase in the preload on the heart is most likely to result from:

A

an increase in blood volume

92
Q

A decrease in arterial blood pressure would most likely and immediately lead to

A

decreased afterload

93
Q

Deoxygenated blood leaves the ___ side of the heart towards the lungs to receive oxygen

A

right

94
Q

Oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the ___ side of the heart

A

left

95
Q

Oxygenated blood leaves the ___ side of the heart towards to rest of the body to provide oxygen for body systems

A

left

96
Q

Superior vena cava

A

Vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the body (head and upper limbs) to the right atrium of the heart

97
Q

Inferior vena cava

A

Vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower half of the body to the right atrium of the heart

98
Q

Pulmonary trunk

A

blood vessel that divides to form the right and left pulmonary arteries

99
Q

Pulmonary artery

A

Blood vessel that transports deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs

100
Q

Pulmonary vein

A

Blood vessel that transport oxygenated blood from the lungs to the atrium of the heart

101
Q

Outlet valves of the heart are the ___ and ___ valves

A

aortic and pulmonary

102
Q

Inlet valves of the heart are the ___ and ___ valves

A

triscuspid and mitral

103
Q

Outlet valves are sometimes described as ___, due to their shape

A

semilunar

104
Q

Both aortic and pulmonary valves have ___ cusps and ___ cords

A

three

lack

105
Q

The peak pressure in the left atrium is __ mmHg

A

5

106
Q

The peak pressure in the left ventricle is __ mmHg

A

120

107
Q

The peak pressure in the right atrium is ___mmHg

A

2-3

108
Q

The peak pressure in the right ventricle is __ mmHg

A

25

109
Q

The fibrous skeleton:

A

fibrous rings that support the mitral, aortic, and tricuspid valves

110
Q

The fibrous skeleton strengthens the ___ and ___ valves the most due to their high pressure

A

Aortic and mitral

111
Q

Dilated cardiomyopathy

A

dilation of the muscle wall of the heart

112
Q

Mitral regurgitation

A

an abnormal reversal of blood flow from the left ventricle to the left atrium cause by disruption of mitral valve function

113
Q

Dilated cardiomyopathy causes the ____ ____ supporting the ___ valve to stretch

A

Fibrous skeleton

Mitral

114
Q

Dilated cardiomyopathy affects which ventricle the most and why?

A

Left, high pressure

115
Q

During mitral regurgitation, the left ___ pressure slightly increases

A

atrial

Medsci 142 (9 decks)

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