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Medsci 142 > Autonomic and Endocrine Systems > Flashcards

Autonomic and Endocrine Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Voluntary

Skeletal muscle

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2
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A 
involuntary
cardiac + smooth muscle + glands
two-divisions: 
- sympathetic (fight/flight)
- parasympathetic (rest/digest)
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3
Q

Sensory input: Autonomic

A

Interoceptors (internal sensing)

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4
Q

Sensory input: somatic

A

Special/somatic senses

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5
Q

Control of output: Autonomic

A

Involuntary:

  • lymbic system
  • hypothalamus
  • brainstem
  • spinal cord
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6
Q

Control of output: Somatic

A

Voluntary:

- Cerebral cortex

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7
Q

Effectors: Autonomic

A

Smooth and cardiac muscle + glands

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8
Q

Effectors: Somatic

A

Skeletal muscle

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9
Q

The neurotransmitter in the somatic nervous system

A

Acetylcholine

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10
Q

Neurotransmitters in the autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic division:

  • Ach for sweat glands
  • Norepinephrine for effector cells

Parasympathetic:
- Ach for effector cells

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11
Q

Raynaud disease

A
  • Excessive sympathetic stimulation following emotional stress or exposure to the cold
  • chronic vasoconstriction
  • fingers and toes become ischemic (lack blood) and appear white
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12
Q

Hypothalamus: controls internal organs via

A

Autonomic nervous system

Pituitary gland

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13
Q

Hypothalamus: Regulates

A
  • behaviour patterns
  • circadian rhythm (sleep/wake cycles)
  • body temperature
  • eating and drinking
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14
Q

Endocrine hormones

A

Puts hormones into the bloodstream which travels to distant target cells

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15
Q

Paracrine hormones

A

Transfer hormones to nearby target cells

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16
Q

Autocrine hormones

A

Same target cell

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17
Q

Cholera

A
  • Cholera toxins bind to G protein, locking it in an activated state
  • High cAMP
  • pumps chloride ions into intestines
  • water follows out
  • chronic diarrhea
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18
Q

Hypothalamus

A

9 hormones (releasing and inhibiting hormones to control pituitary)

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19
Q

Pituitary

A

7 hormones synthesized in anterior pituitary for regulation of homeostasis

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20
Q

Anterior pituitary

A
  • releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus
  • hypophyseal portal system (vascular connection)
  • GH, MSH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL
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21
Q

Posterior pituitary

A
  • hypothalamic - hypophyseal tract (neural connection)
  • oxytocin and ADH
  • response directly to hypothalamic hormones
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22
Q

The adrenal medulla is stimulated by

A

Ach from preganglionic neurons

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23
Q

Hormones released from the adrenal medulla

A

Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine

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24
Q

Principle actions of the adrenal medulla

A

Enhance sympathetic autonomic alarm response, works slowly so prolongs response

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25
Q

Adrenal cortex: what is hormone A?

A

mineralocorticoids

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26
Q

Adrenal cortex: what is hormone A stimulated by?

A

Increased K+ and angiotensin II in blood

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27
Q

Adrenal cortex: what is hormone A’s principle action?

A

mineralocorticoids increase Na+ and water and decrease K+ in blood
increases blood volume and pressure

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28
Q

Adrenal cortex: Hormone B

A

Glucocorticoids (cortisol)

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29
Q

Adrenal cortex: What stimulates hormone B?

A

Glucocorticoid stimulated by ACTH from the pituitary (CRH from hypothalamus affects pituitary to form ACTH)

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30
Q

Adrenal cortex: principle action of hormone B?

A
  • Resistance to stress
  • Control (dampen) inflammation
  • Alter immune response
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31
Q

The 3 stages of alarm response

A

1) Alarm response
2) Extended alarm response
3) The resistance response

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32
Q

Alarm response

A
  • Immediate burst
  • Sympathetic activation
  • Adrenal medulla
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33
Q

Extended alarm response

A
  • mediated by the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine secreted by the medulla of the adrenal gland
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34
Q

Resistance reaction

A
  • Slower, longer-lasting

- mediated by the hormone cortisol, secreted by the adrenal cortex

35
Q

What makes up the CNS

A

Brain

Spinal cord

36
Q

What makes up the PNS

A
  • Cranial nerves
  • spinal nerves
  • ganglia
  • peripheral nerves
37
Q

What are afferent nerves

A

Nerves which bring impulses from the PNS to the CNS (sensory neurons)

38
Q

What are efferent nerves

A

Nerves which take impulses from the CNS to the PNS (motor neurons

39
Q

What are the different types of motor neurons?

A

Somatic and autonomic

40
Q

What are the steps of nerve impulse conduction

A
  1. Impulse arrives at presynaptic membrane, depolarizing and opening voltage-gated Ca2+ channels.
  2. Ca2+ encourages vesicles of neurotransmitters to bind to the presynaptic membrane and leave into the synaptic cleft via exocytosis
  3. Neurotransmitters bind to ligand-gated channels in the postsynaptic membrane, causing it to depolarize due to inflow of Na+, causing the conduction of the impulse
    (All this happens within milliseconds)
41
Q

What is involved in alarm response and what causes it?

A

Caused by the sympathetic branch of the ANS
- Increased HR & contractility
- Contraction of arrector pili muscles (hair stands on end) and increased secretion from sweat glands.
- Constriction of blood vessels in the skin to send more blood to muscles
- Dilation of pupils for greater visual acuity
- Decreased salivation
- Dilation of bronchi
Increased blood sugar to give more glucose to muscles
- Increased BP and H2O retention
- Decreased digestion
- Increased resp. rate to increase O2 in the blood.

42
Q

What is involved with the relaxation response and what causes it

A

Caused by the parasympathetic branch of the ANS

  • Decreased HR & contractility
  • contraction of pupils
  • increased salivation
  • dilation of peripheral blood vessels
  • constriction of bronchi
  • increased digestion
43
Q

What are sympathetic nerve responses associated with?

A
  • Exercise
  • Emotion
  • Excitement
  • Danger
44
Q

Why is sympathetic innervation important?

A

It gives the body the opportunity to be active

45
Q

What are the parasympathetic responses associated with?

A
  • Repletion
  • Rest
  • Relaxation
46
Q

Why is parasympathetic innervation important

A

It gives the body the opportunity to recuperate

47
Q

Where does sensory input for the ANS come from?

A

Interoceptors detecting change in O2 levels, hunger, and blood pressure
some impulses from the somatic nervous system

48
Q

Where does sensory input for the SNS come from?

A

Special senses and somatic senses

49
Q

What controls ANS output?

A 
Involuntary control by the: 
- limbic system
- hypothalamus
- brain stem
- spinal cord
to change the body's environment
50
Q

What controls SNS output?

A

Voluntary cerebral cortex decisions - causes the body movements

51
Q

What is the motor pathway type in ANS?

A

Two neuron pathways: post- and pre-ganglionic pathways

52
Q

What is the motor pathway type in SNS?

A

One neurons pathway - just LMNs

53
Q

How are parasympathetic and sympathetic used in tandem?

A

Both are always active but can be turned up and down like a dimmer.
When there are danger, sympathetic increases while parasympathetic decreases and vice versa
This is important as if they are constantly in use, bad outcomes may result.

54
Q

What is a similarity between ANS and SNS neurons

A

Both start within the spinal cord

55
Q

What are the differences between ANS and SNS neurons?

A
  • ANS has two neurons: the pre- and post-ganglionic, of which only the pre-ganglionic are myelinated.
  • The two synapses in the autonomic ganglion, using ACh
  • The SNS only has a single mylinated neuron
56
Q

Why is it important that the ANS synapses in the ganglia?

A

It allows a single signal from a pre-ganglionic neuron to be sent to multiple post-ganglionic neurons

57
Q

What does a cholinergic neuron use as a neurotransmitter>

A

ACh

58
Q

What does an adrenergic neuron use as a neurotransmitter

A

Ne

59
Q

What does a muscarinic receptor accept as a neurotransmitter?

A

ACh

60
Q

Autonomic tone

A

The balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity

61
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Class of hormones released by the adrenal cortex, such as cortisol which plays a part in the resistance reaction

62
Q

cytokines

A

Hormones released by the immune system can alter the autonomic nervous activity

63
Q

Eustress

A

Stress which is acute and beneficial

64
Q

Distress

A

Stress is prolonged and can have detrimental effects

65
Q

Infundibulum

A

Small stalk linking hypothalamus to the pituitary gland

66
Q

Primary capillary plexus

A

Superior capillary bed on the pituitary gland

67
Q

Hypophyseal portal veins

A

Veins linking primary capillary plexus to secondary capillary plexus

68
Q

What is the name for a pre-ganglionic neuron?

A

cholinergic

69
Q

what is the name for a postganglionic neuron

A

adrenergic

70
Q

Where is the thyroid locates?

A

top of the trachea

71
Q

what is the name of the receptors in a sweat gland

A

muscarinic receptors

72
Q

What process is the thyroid largely involved with?

A

Growth

73
Q

What are the types of lipid-soluble hormones?

A

Steroid hormones, thyroid hormones

74
Q

What are the types of water-soluble hormones?

A

Catecholamines, peptides, and proteins

75
Q

Which part of the pituitary has hypophyseal portal veins on it?

A

anterior pituitary

76
Q

Where are modified post-ganglionic neurons which act as secretory cells found?

A

adrenal glands

77
Q

What types of cells are found in the adrenal glands?

A

modified postganglionic neurons which act as secretory cells

78
Q

What hormones are used in the medulla?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

79
Q

What hormones are used in the adrenal cortex?

A

Mineralocorticoids (e.g. aldosterone) and glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisol)

80
Q

How is the adrenal cortex stimulated to release glucocorticoids?

A

ACTH from the pituitary which in turn is stimulated by CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone) from the hypothalamus

81
Q

What is the principal action of the adrenal medulla?

A

Enhance sympathetic autonomic alarm response

82
Q

what is the principal action of the adrenal cortex releasing mineralocorticoids

A

increase blood Na+ and decrease blood K+ to increase blood volume and pressure

83
Q

what is the principal action of the adrenal cortex releasing glucocorticoids?

A

resistance reaction to stress dampens inflammation and depresses immune response

Medsci 142 (9 decks)

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