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Medsci 142 > Rat lab > Flashcards

Rat lab Flashcards

1
Q

Rat teeth

A
  • Grow throughout life

- lack enamel on their posterior surfaces

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2
Q

Gallbladder

A

absent in rats

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3
Q

Body cavities

A
  • Peritoneum
  • Two pleural (lung) cavities
  • Pericardial (heart cavity)
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4
Q

Peritoneum cavity

A
  • Membrane bonded to the abdominal wall
  • surrounds the peritoneal cavity
  • continuous with a double layer of the peritoneum (called mesentery) suspending the intestine
  • further continuous with the peritoneum (called the visceral peritoneum) covering the intestines
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5
Q

Lungs

A

dark red and blood full due to death by CO2, normally bright pink in colour

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6
Q

What is the pleura?

A

the serous membrane that lines the lung

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7
Q

The anterior end (base) of the heart is overlapped by the two lobes of the ____ gland

A

thymus

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8
Q

The thymus gland produces:

A
  • T-lymphocytes

- other lymphoid tissues

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9
Q

The heart is held in which cavity?

A

pericardial

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10
Q

Most contents of the abdominal cavity belong to the ___

A

gut

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11
Q

Name the three tubular portions of the gut

A
  • esophagus
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
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12
Q

Name the two sacks in the gut

A

Stomach and caecum

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13
Q

In the gut system, secretion occurs in two large glands:

A

Liver and pancreas, which shed their secretions into the small intestine

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14
Q

Where does the stomach lie

A

Mostly to the left side

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15
Q

The esophagus travels from the throat through the ___ cavity, ___ to the heart and lungs

A

thoracic cavity

dorsal

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16
Q

Small intestine: main function

A

absorption of small molecules resulting from the digestion

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17
Q

Small intestine: parts

A

Starts after the stomach: duodenum -> jejunum -> ileum -> caecum

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18
Q

Pancreas

A

Releases an alkaline digestive juice containing enzymes (lipases, amylases, and proteases) into the duodenum

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19
Q

Liver

A
  • largest gland in the body
  • like pancreas functions as both endocrine and exocrine gland
  • metabolic regulation
  • bile salts aid digestion and absorption
  • pancreatic ducts join to hepatic duct to discharge bile through a common duct into the duodenum
  • receives venous blood from the gut wall and oxygenates blood from the aorta
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20
Q

Spleen

A

part of the lymphatic system where immune responses occur

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21
Q

Large intestine

A
  • four parts: caecum, colon, rectum, and anus

- reabsorbs water and form feces

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22
Q

Caecum

A
  • contains bacteria to break down cellulose
  • terminates with the vermiform appendix
  • between the ileocecal junction and ascending colon
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23
Q

Colon

A
  • ascending, transverse, and descending parts
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24
Q

Rectum

A

the short passage leading to the anal outlet

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25
Q

Anus

A

Partial voluntary control:

  • inner: involuntary
  • outer: voluntary
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26
Q

Kidneys

A
  • have adrenal glands (paired superior)
  • hilus (inner curve)
  • rich blood supply so dark red
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27
Q

adrenal glands

A
  • small brown bodies near the anterior pole of both kidneys
  • cortex: cortisol or other steroid hormones
  • medulla, adrenalin
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28
Q

Urinary bladder (renal system)

A
  • path of urine: kidney -> ureter -> bladder -> urethra
  • pale cream or yellow in colour
  • can expand to the size of a grape
29
Q

The order that food passes through the gastrointestinal tract

A 
esophagus 
stomach
small intestine
caecum
colon
rectum
anus
30
Q

The duodenum receives material from which three organs?

A

stomach, liver, and pancreas

31
Q

The peritoneal, pleural and pericardial cavities of the rate share the following characteristics

A
  • they allow internal organs to move without friction
  • they are ventral in position (front of the body)
  • they contain a small volume of fluid (serous fluid)
  • they have visceral and parietal surfaces
32
Q

When you start a dissection the first serous membrane you cut is the _____

A

parietal peritoneum

33
Q

The livers ducts (_____ ducts) join the ____ intestine downstream of the _____ sphincter

A

hepatic
small
pyloric

34
Q

The structure that prevents you from choking when eating is the ______

A

epiglottis

35
Q

The liver receives venous blood from the gut wall via the ____ ____ ____.
Also receives oxygenated blood from the aorta via the ______ _____, a branch of the coeliac artery

A

hepatic portal vein

hepatic artery

36
Q

_____ is for air and ______ is for food, and if coordination is lost during swallowing, food may enter the ___ which leads to violent coughing, or air may enter the ____ which leads to eructation (belching).

A

Trachea
esophagus
trachea
stomach

37
Q

Name the two cavities that have organs within:

A

Abdominal and thoracic cavity

38
Q

Name 4 ventral body cavities

A
  • 2 pleural
  • 1 peritoneum
  • 1 pericardial
    (all mesothelial membranes)
39
Q

Location and function of the mesentery tissue

A
  • connection between visceral and parietal peritoneum
  • suspends the intestine and allows blood vessels (coeliac artery and superior mesenteric artery as well as the hapatic portal vein) to enter
40
Q

Properties of serous membranes

A
  • mesothelial cells (simple squamous) that secrete serous fluid
  • inside, you have serous fluid
41
Q

Organs not in the digestive system

A

spleen, lungs, heart, thymus, thyroid kidneys, adrenal glands, urinary bladder, reproductive organs

42
Q

Structures found in humans but not in rates

A
  • vermiform appendix
  • sigmoid colon
  • bulbous uterus
  • gallbladder
  • canine teeth
43
Q

Two organs that secrete their products directly into the duodenum via a common duct

A

pancreas and liver

44
Q

Where is bile produced in the rat?

A

liver

45
Q

The function of the stomach: transparent region

A

food storage

greater curvature

46
Q

The function of the stomach: pyloric/opaque region

A

glandular, for digestion

47
Q

where does dehydration of digestive contents and reabsorption of water occur?

A

colon

48
Q

Path of nutrient-rich blood as it leaves the small intestine?

A

Leaves the small intestine via the hepatic portal vein to the liver, and the liver is supplied by the hepatic artery aswell.

49
Q

Path of oxygenated blood to the small intestine

A

Superior mesenteric artery and coeliac artery fan out through the mesentery into the small intestine

50
Q

What’s chyme

A

partially digested food matter

51
Q

How is the flow of chyme controlled?

A

Pyloric sphincter at the inferior (closer to the duodenum) end of the stomach controls flow of chyme

52
Q

What parts of the GI tract are under partial voluntary control?

A

Outer part of the anal sphincter and the mouth

53
Q

Location and function of epiglottis?

A

Epiglottis is a triangular flap of the trachea that prevents food entering it during swallowing (therefore, open during breathing and closed during swallowing)

It blocks the glottis, entrance to the trachea

54
Q

What is the hepatic artery a branch of?

A

coeliac artery

55
Q

Describe the position of the kidneys in relation to the peritoneum:

A

retroperitoneal

56
Q

What gives rate incisors their curved chisel shape?

A

Lack of enamel on posterior surface

57
Q

Number of teeth

A

4 incisors and 12 molars (3 on top and bottom of each side)

58
Q

Location of the prepuce

A

between the 2nd and 3rd nipple

59
Q

Where is the rat penis?

A

internal in abdominal wall when flaccid

60
Q

The scientific name of the rat:

A

rattus norvegicus albinus

61
Q

What is between the ileum and the caecum?

A

ileocecal junction

62
Q

Describe the appearance of the mesentery:

A

fans out like spiderweb

63
Q

Pancreatic secretions

A

Exocrine:

  • Alkaline pH
  • Lipases
  • Proteases
  • Amylases

Endocrine (hormones):

  • insulin
  • glucagon
64
Q

Position of pancreas

A

inferior to greater curvature of stomach

65
Q

Appearance of pancreas

A
  • small lobules
  • pink in colour
  • leaf-like shape
66
Q

What do bile salts break down?

A

Vitamins and fats

67
Q

Order of ducts in rats

A

hepatic duct and pancreatic duct drain into the duodenum, just downstream of the pyloric sphincter

68
Q

What does the liver look like?

A

largest organ
dark red
soft jelly-like texture

69
Q

Appearance of spleen

A

dark red - high blood supply

leaf shape

Medsci 142 (9 decks)

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