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MS CAMPBELL PE > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main functions of the system?

A 
Pulmonary ventilation (inspiration and expiration)
Gaseous exchange.
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2
Q

Describe gas transport?

A

Oxygen is transported by the blood either:
Combined with haemoglobin (Hb) in the red blood cells (>97%) OR
Dissolved in the blood plasma (<3%

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3
Q

What is Haemoglobin?

A

Haemoglobin molecules can transport up to four O2’s

When 4 O2’s are bound to haemoglobin, it is 100% saturated, with fewer O2’s it is partially saturated.

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4
Q

How much oxygen can combine with haemoglobin?

A

This depends on the PARTIAL PRESSURE of oxygen (PO2

IF PO2 is High = Haemoglobin will readily combine with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin.

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5
Q

Where in the body is the PO2 Low ?

A

Partial pressure is low at the muscle sites. When the haemoglobin releases the oxygen it is said to dissociate with oxygen.

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6
Q

What is Myoglobin?

A

In the muscle, oxygen is stored by myoglobin.

This has a high affinity for oxygen and stores the oxygen until it can be transported from the capillaries to the mitochondria.

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7
Q

where does aerobic respiration takes place.

A

The mitochondria

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8
Q

Factors affecting Haemoglobin Saturation?

3

A

Decrease in blood acidity (pH)
Increase in blood temperature
Increase in partial pressure of Carbon Dioxide concentration

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9
Q

Bohr Shift?

A

This is caused by the increase in carbon dioxide in the blood, which results in an increase in the concentration of hydrogen ions in the blood lowering
the pH.

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10
Q

The volume of air inspired or expired per minute is the minute ventilation and can be calculated with the equation?

A

Breathing rate (f) x Tidal volume (TV) = Minute Ventilation (VE)

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11
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

The volume of air inspired or expired per breath
Average at rest – 0.5 litres
Change during exercise – (increase)

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12
Q

What is Inspiratory Reserve Volume?

A

The volume able to be forcibly inspired during normal breathing

Average at rest – 3.0 litres

Change during exercise (decrease)

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13
Q

What is Expiratory Reserve Volume?

A

The volume able to forcibly expired, after a normal breathe
Average at rest – 1.3 litres
Change during exercise – Small decrease

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14
Q

What is Residual Volume?

A

The volume of air that remains in the lungs after forced maximum expiration

Average at rest – 1.2 litres

No change

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15
Q

What is Minute Ventilation?

A

Ventilation is the amount of air breathed in one minute.

Average at rest – 6.0 litres

Changes during exercise = BIG increase

Minute ventilation (VE) = Tidal Volume (TV) X Breathing Rate (f)

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16
Q

The mechanics of breathing

Describe When breathing in (inspiration)

A

Intercostal muscles contract
lift ribs upwards and chest to expand
diaphragm contracts
pulls down and flatterns
lungs increase in size and chest expands
pressure inside lungs falls as they expand
the high pressure of air outside means air is now inside lungs through nose and mouth

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17
Q

The mechanics of breathing

Describe when breathing out (expiration)

A 
Intercostal muscles relax
ribs move downwards and inwards 
chest gets smaller 
diagram relaxes
lungs decrease in size
chest gets smaller 
squeeze ribs and diaphragm 
pressure inside lungs increases 
pressure outside is now lower so air is forced oit of the lungs
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18
Q

How is CO2 removed?

A

Combines with water
Combines with hemoglobin
Dissolved in blood plasma

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19
Q

How does your breathing rate change during sub maximal exercise?

A

Anticipatory rise in VE due to adrenaline (1)

Rapid increase in VE at the start due to increased breathing rate and tidal volume in increase oxygen delivery. (2)

VE plateau’s as oxygen supply meets demand (3)

Initial rapid decrease in VE before more gradual decrease occurs until returning to resting. (4)

20
Q

How does your breathing rate change during maximal exercise?

A

During maximal exercise, VE does not plateau.

Due to the exercise being maximal, there is a constant growing demand for oxygen which the VE must continually thrive to meet.

Tidal volume will plateau, however the further increase is met through increased breathing rate.

21
Q

Where are the lungs?

A

Thoracic cavity

22
Q

What is the Thoracic cavity?

A

The thoracic cavity (or chest cavity) is the chamber of the body of vertebrates that is protected by the thoracic wall (rib cage and associated skin, muscle)

23
Q

Expiration at rest is?

A

Passive

24
Q

What is the Alveoli?

A

Increase the efficiency of gas exchange by:

Forming a vast surface area for gaseous exchange

Having a single cell layer of epithelial cells reducing the distance for gaseous exchange

25
Q

What is the RCC?

A

The RCC is sent information from the sensory nerves when exercise or recovery begins.

The RCC sends instructions through motor nerves to change the rate of respiratory muscle contraction – What muscles are used in respiration?

26
Q

What are the 2 centres within the RCC?

A 
Inspiratory centre (IC)
Expiratory Centre (EC)
27
Q

What does the inspiratory centre do?

A

Stimulates the inspiratory muscles to contract

28
Q

What does the Expiratory center do?

A

Inactive at rest

Stimulates expiratory muscles to contract during exercise

29
Q

At rest, what is responsible for breathing rate?

A

Inspiratory Center

30
Q

How does the inspiratory center work at rest?

A

Nerve impulses are sent to stimulate the inspiratory muscles to contract.
Intercostal nerve = external intercostals
Phrenic nerve = diaphragm

Approximately 500ml of air will be inspired at rest.

Expiration is passive as the lung tissues will naturally recoil and the diaphragm/external intercostals will relax.

Therefore the expiratory centre is inactive at rest.

31
Q

RCC - Receptors react to 2 types of stimuli, what are they?

What are they detected by?

A

Chemical changes
Neural changes

Chemical changes are detected by Chemoreceptors

Neural stimuli are detected by Thermoreceptors, Proprioceptors and Baroreceptors

32
Q

What do each detect:

Chemoreceptors ?

Thermoreceptors ?

Proprioceptors ?

Baroreceptors ?

A

– blood acidity, CO2 concentration, O2
– blood temperature
– activity in the muscles and joints
– lung inflation

33
Q

What do Chemoreceptors, Thermoreceptors, Proprioceptors do during exercise?

A

Inform the IC, increases diaphragm and external intercostal stimulation,

Can cause the IC to also recruit sternocleidomastoid and pectoralis minor muscles when necessary.

34
Q

What do Baroreceptors do during exercise?

A

Inform the EC on the extent of lung inflation (pressure).

If lung tissue is excessively stretched, EC recruits internal intercostals and rectus abdominis to reduce thoracic cavity volume and increase air pressure. This pushes the air our more forcefully.

35
Q

What is gaseous exchange?

How does it work?

A

Gaseous exchange is the movement of gases across a membrane.

This movement occurs through the act of diffusion.

Gases will diffuse from an area of high partial pressure to low partial pressure.

The partial pressure of oxygen is pO2.
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is pCO2

36
Q

Where are the two sites gaseous exchange can occur?

A

External site – Between the alveoli and blood capillary membrane

Internal site – Between the blood capillary and muscle cell membrane.

37
Q

How does gaseous exchange diffuse?

A

Gases will diffuse from areas of high partial pressure to low partial pressure.

The difference between high to low pressure is called Diffusion Gradient.

The steeper the diffusion gradient, the quicker gaseous exchange occurs.

38
Q

Gaseous exchange external respiration -

8 things

A

Exchanging of gases at the lungs

Oxygen => Alveoli to capillaries

Carbon Dioxide => Capillaries to alveoli

Oxygen and haemoglobin combine – Oxyhaemoglobin

CO2 diffuses rapidly

Blood leaving lungs is saturated with O2

Low pressure of pO2 in blood, high pressure in alveoli

High pressure of pCO2 in blood, low pressure in alveoli

39
Q

Gaseous exchange internal respiration

8 things

A

Exchanging of gases at the muscle cells

Oxygen => Capillaries to muscle cells

Carbon Dioxide => Muscle cells to Capillaries

Oxygen and the haemoglobin detach

Blood leaving muscles is saturated with CO2

High pressure of pO2 in blood, low pressure in muscle

Low pressure of pCO2 in blood, high pressure in muscle

40
Q

What 2 things change gaseous exchange when doing exercise?

A

Exercise increases demand for Oxygen and produces more Carbon Dioxide.

Minute ventilation and cardiac output rises to meet these increases.

41
Q

Oxygen during external respiration?

A

The O2 diffusion gradient steepens

Greater amounts of O2 diffuse from the alveoli to the blood. (High pO2 in alveoli, low pO2 in blood)

42
Q

Carbon dioxide during external respiration?

A

The CO2 diffusion gradient steepens.

Greater amount of CO2 diffuses from blood to the alveoli (High pCO2 in the blood, low pCO2 in the alveoli)

43
Q

Oxygen during internal respiration?

A

The O2 diffusion gradient steepens.

Greater amount of O2 diffuses from the capillary blood to the muscle cell. (High pO2 in blood, low pO2 in muscle)

44
Q

Carbon dioxide during internal respiration?

A

The CO2 diffusion gradient steepens.
Greater amount of CO2 diffuses from the muscle cell to the capillary blood (High pCO2 in the muscle cell, low pCO2 in the capillary blood)

45
Q

When pO2 is high ?

When pO2 is low?

A

more oxygen associates to form oxyhaemoglobin.

the oxygen more readily dissociates (detaches).

46
Q

Explain THE BOHR SHIFT – DURING EXERCISE?

A

Increases in temperature

Increases on CO2 production (raising p CO2)

Decreases in PH (increases in lactic acid and carbonic acid)

These changes all move the oxyhaemoglobin curve to the right.

This is known as the Bohr shift or Bohr effect.

47
Q

Explain THE BOHR SHIFT – THE RECOVERY?

A

The oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve shifts back to the left.
haemoglobin saturation with oxygen returns to its original levels.

Increasing association of oxygen at the alveoli.

Helping to oxygenate blood stream and remove waste products.

MS CAMPBELL PE (8 decks)

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