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MS CAMPBELL PE > Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of circulation?

A

Pulmonary circulation

Systemic circulation

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2
Q

What is Systemic circulation?

A

i.e. movement of oxygenated blood from the heart through the rest of the body and deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

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3
Q

What is Pulmonary circulation?

A

i.e. flow of deoxygenated blood back to the lungs and oxygenated blood back to the heart.

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4
Q

What are the 2 atriums and 2 ventricles?

A

Right and left

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5
Q

What do atriums contain and what do ventricles contain?

A

Atrium = oxygenated blood

Ventricles = deoxygenated blood

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6
Q

What does the Vena Cava do?

A

Returns deoxygenated blood to the heart either by the superior or inferior vena cava

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7
Q

What does the Aorta do?

A

Oxygenated blood is pumped at high pressure from the heart to the body

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8
Q

What does the pulmonary artery do?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

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9
Q

What does the pulmonary vein do?

A

Returns oxygenated blood to the heart

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10
Q

What do semi lunar valves do?

A

Prevent expelled blood flowing back to the heart

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11
Q

What does the septum do?

A

The wall dividing the left and right sides of the heart

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12
Q

What does the bicuspid valve do?

A

Prevent blood flowing back into the left atrium

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13
Q

What does the tricuspid valve do?

A

Prevent blood flowing back into the right atrium from the ventricle

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14
Q

What is a cardiac impulse?

A

An electrical impulse is responsible for stimulating the heart to contract

The heart is myogenic because it generates its own electrical signal

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15
Q

What is the SA node?

A

SA Node - The electrical impulse begins at the pacemaker: a mass of cardiac cells known as the Sino-atrial node (S.A. node)

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16
Q

What is the AV node?

A

The AV node collects the impulse and delays it for approximately 0.1/0.2 seconds to allow the atria to finish contracting
It then releases the impulse to the bundle of his

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17
Q

What is the bundle of his?

A

Located in the septum of the heart, the Bundle of His splits the impulse in two, ready to be distributed through each separate ventricle.

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18
Q

What are bundle branches?

A

These carry the impulse to the base of each ventricle

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19
Q

How does a cardiac impulse happen?

A

Heart generates own electrical impulses at the sino-atrial node (pacemaker)
Impulse spreads through cardiac tissue in the atria.
This causes contraction of the atria.
The impulse carries on to Atrio-ventricular node.
The action potential moves into Bundle of His and spreads throughout the Purkinje fibres via the bundle branches causing the ventricle to contract.

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20
Q

What are Purkinje Fibres?

A

These distribute the impulse through the ventricle walls, causing them to contract.

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21
Q

What are the two stages to a heart beat?

A

Diastole (Filling)

Systole (Ejection)

22
Q

How does atrial diastole happen?

A

The body via the vena cava to the right atrium.
The lungs via the pulmonary vein to the left atrium.
As the atria and then ventricles relax, they expand drawing blood into the atria.
The pressure in the atria increases opening AV valves
Blood passively enters the ventricles
SL valves are closed to prevent blood from leaving the heart

23
Q

How does atrial systole happen?

A

The atrial contraction ensures that all the blood is ejected into the ventricles.

As the ventricles continue going through diastole, the pressure increases, which causes the atrioventricular valves to close.

24
Q

How does ventricular systole happen?

A

The semi-lunar values open and the ventricles contract, forcing all the blood from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery and the blood in the left ventricle into the aorta.

25
Q

What are the short term effects on the cardiovascular system?

A

Increase in heart rate
Increase in stroke volume
Increase in cardiac output

26
Q

How do you work out cardiac output?

A

Stroke volume x heart rate

27
Q

What is submaximal exercise?

A

(any activity that does not exceed 85% maximum heart rate) causes cardiac output to remain relatively unchanged whether untrained (10-15L/min) or trained (15-20L/min)

28
Q

What is maximal exercise?

A

cardiac output increases significantly. In untrained individuals, maximal cardiac output may be 14-20L/min compared to 30-40L/min in trained subjects.

29
Q

What is Anticipatory rise?

A

This increase in heart rate is caused by an increase in activity of the sympathetic nervous system causing the adrenal glands to release adrenaline into the blood stream.

30
Q

What is the venous return mechanism?

A

The heart can only pump out as much blood as it receives, so cardiac output is dependent on venous return.

A rapid increase in venous return enables a significant increase in stroke volume and therefore cardiac output.

31
Q

Where is the respiratory pump?

A

Muscles around the thoracic and abdominal regions cause changes in pressure.

32
Q

What are pocket valves?

A

The blood in the veins can only move towards the heart; It cannot fall back to where it came from.

The prevent blood from flowing away from the heart.

33
Q

What is the Frank-Starling Mechanism?

A

During exercise, venous return increases and therefore cardiac output increases. This is caused by the myocardium being stretched, resulting in the myocardium contracting with greater force.

34
Q

What 3 ways can the heart be regulated?

A

Neural Control Mechanism
Intrinsic Control Mechanism
Hormonal Control Mechanism

35
Q

Where is the CCC?

A

The Cardiac Control Centre (CCC) in the medulla oblongata of the brain receives three sources of information through control systems.

36
Q

What do chemoreceptors do?

A

Chemoreceptors detect an increase in CO2 & blood acidity they send messages to the CCC.
The control centre stimulates the sympathetic nerves located in the walls of the blood vessels.

37
Q

What do Baroreceptors do?

A

Baroreceptors located in the blood vessel walls detect increases and decreases in blood pressure and send an impulse to the control centre located in the medulla oblongata.

38
Q

What do Proprioceptors do?

A

Proprioceptors are located in muscles and detect increases in muscle movement, joint and tendon activity.

39
Q

The cardiac control centre is stimulated intrinsic control mechanisms. What are the 2?

A

Temperature and venous return

40
Q

Hormonal control mechanisms - what hormones are released?

What do these hormones do?

A

adrenaline and noradrenaline.

Increase heart rate
Constrict some blood vessels causing blood to be redistributed to where it is needed i.e. the working muscles
Stimulate the breakdown of glycogen providing more fuel for the muscles.

41
Q

What are the three types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries
Veins
Capillaries

42
Q

What do Arteries/Arterioles transport?

A

transport the oxygenated blood away from the left side of the heart under a high pressure.

43
Q

Describe Arteries?

A

Arterioles have a ring of smooth muscle surrounding the entry to the capillary called pre-capillary sphincters. These dilate and constrict to control blood flow.

44
Q

What do veins transport?

A

transport blood from all over the body back to the heart and lungs for re-oxygenation under a low pressure.

45
Q

Describe veins?

A

An unique feature of veins is that they have valves.

Like the valves in the heart, they are there to prevent a backflow of blood.

46
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

Capillaries are small blood vessels that carries blood to and from the body’s cells.

47
Q

Describe capillaries?

A

They are one cell thick and are exchange points where oxygen and carbon dioxide cross into the tissue cells (muscles) from the arterioles.

48
Q

What is the Vascular Shunt Mechanism?

A

During exercise, blood flow to the skeletal muscles increases to meet the increase in oxygen demand. This redirection of blood flow to the areas where it is most needed is known as a vascular shunt.

49
Q

What is vasodilation and vasoconstriction?

A

Arterioles will increase diameter through vasodilation (increase blood flow, nutrients and gaseous exchange) or decrease through vasoconstriction.

50
Q

What is Vasomotor Control?

A

The Vasomotor control centre is responsible for the distribution of cardiac output. At rest, arterioles and precapillary sphincters constrict to limited blood flow to muscles. During exercise this is reversed to deliver blood flow to the working muscle groups.

MS CAMPBELL PE (8 decks)

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