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BIOS1155 > Respiratory System 1+2 > Flashcards

Respiratory System 1+2 Flashcards

1
Q

Explain the functions of the respiratory system

A

Gas exchange

Acid base balance

Production of sound

Provide the anatomical substrate for the sense of smell

Protect respiratory surfaces from dehydration, temperature changes and invading pathogens

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2
Q

How does gas exchange function within the respiratory system?

A

Moves oxygen into body and carbon dioxide out

Provides extensive surface area for gas exchange between air and circulating blood

Move air to and from these gas exchange areas from/to the external environment

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3
Q

What’s the percentage of the population that respiratory diseases affect?

A

30%

And cause 10% of all deaths

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4
Q

Explain the steps of external respiration

A
  1. Ventilation or gas exchange between the atmosphere and air sacs (alveoli)in lungs
  2. Exchange of oxygen and co2 between air in the alveoli and blood
  3. Transport oxygen and co2 between lungs and tissues
  4. Exchange of oxygen and co2 between the blood and tissues

External respiration is differnt to internal respiration, external is relevant to literally just gas exchange,

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5
Q

Go over the the anatomical structures that are relevant in the movement of air from the atmosphere to the alveoli

A

Air passes into nose and mouth, pharynx, then larynx, then trachea, then two bronchi

Bronchi subdivide further (23 times again), where the smallest ones are called bronchioles (Divisions 12-23)

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6
Q

What’s the significance of the structure of the airways?

A

The anatomical structure of airways provide a remarkable balance between 2 competing demands

  • min total resistance to airflow
  • min the total volume of air in conducting tubes where exchange cannot occur (dead space)
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7
Q

Explain the division of the airways

A

Divided into 2

Conducting portion (airways that brunt air in and out of the lungs)

  • passage for movement of air from nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles
  • nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

Respiratory portion (responsible for gas exchange between the air we breathe in and our tissue)

  • gas exchange with blood
  • respiratory bronchioles, alveoli
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8
Q

Explain the anatomical significance of the the movement of air

A

Quiet breathing, air enters via nose

Nose Consists of nasal hairs that provide the first filtration of particles in the air.

Nasal cavity is lined with mucous membrane called nasal mucosa which is highly vascularised. It’s a moistened surface to moisten air, while the high blood flow warms the air.

The moistened surface also allows for trapping of air particles

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9
Q

Name the bone regions of the nasal cavity

A

Nasal bone and cartilage
Nasal septum (bony and cartilagenous parts)
Conchae (superior, middle, inferior meatuses (areas under) and concha)
Hard palate

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10
Q

Name the bone regions of the paranasal sinuses and what are they

A

Air filled, mucous membrane lined spaces that surround nasal cavity that lighten the skull, resonate voice,mucous secretions to clear and moisten nasal cavity. These sinuses drain into the meatuses

Maxillary
Frontal
Ethmoidal
Sphenoidal

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11
Q

Name the differnt parts of the pharynx and what’s the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

It’s a wide muscular tube lined by mucous membrane that conducts air and food drink.

Originated from base of skull to C6

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12
Q

Name the regions of the Nasopharynx

A 
Clivus
Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)
Opening for auditory tube 
Soft palate 
Uvula
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13
Q

Name the regions of the oropharynx

A

Palatine tonsils
Lingual tonsils
Hyoid bone
Valleculae

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14
Q

Name the regions of the laryngopharynx

A

Epiglottis

Piriform sinus

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15
Q

Name the regions of the larynx and it’s function

A

Guardian of air passage and conducts air between the laryngopharynx and trachea via laryngeal inlet.

Important in vocalisation and lined by mucous membrane that causes a powerful protective cough reflex

Cricoid cartilage
Thyroid cartilage

Arytenoid cartilage, corniculate and cuneiform cartilage forms the folds
Vestibular folds (false)
True vocal folds

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16
Q

Name the regions of the trachea and what’s its function?

A

Provides passage of air from pharynx to bronchi, its a 10-12 cm fibromuscular tube supported by cartilage.
15-20 rings of hyaline cartilage (incomplete posteriorly)

Cartilage rings
Carina

17
Q

Explain the divisions of the respiratory tree starting at the carina

A

IN CONDUCTION ZONE
Goes from primary bronchi, to secondary bronchi, then tertiary bronchi….then….

2 portions of bronchioles (after the main, lobar, and segmental)

Conduction portion of bronchioles (air to pulmonary lobule) STILL IN CONDUCTION ZONE

  • bronchioles
  • terminal bronchiole is the final bronchiole for conduction portion

Respiratory portion of bronchioles in RESPIRATORY ZONE

  • respiratory bronchioles
  • bronchopulmonary segment ( 10 in right, 8-10 in left)

ALVEOLAR SAC and alveolus IN RESPIRATORY ZONE
- alveolar ducts and sacs
-

18
Q

Explain the mechanics of the bronchi

A

Primary bronchi

  • begin extrapulmonary and enter lungs
  • right is wider, shorter, and vertical

Secondary bronchi
- supply lobes of lungs (3 on right, 2 on left)

Tertiary bronchi
- supply bronchopulmonary segments (10 in right, 8-10 in left)

19
Q

Compare the two lungs

A

Left lung is smaller than right because the heart is positioned on the left

Bth Covered by pleurae that protect the lungs and play and important role in ventilation

20
Q

Name the regions of the left lung

A 
Apex 
Diaphragmatic surface (base)
Mediastinal surface 
Coastal surface
Hilus (hilium)
Pulmonary vessels and bronchi at root of lung 
Superior and inferior lobe 
Oblique fissure
Posterior and inferior borders
Cardiac impression 
Cardiac notch
Lingula
21
Q

Name the regions of the right lung

A 
Apex
Diaphragmatic surface (base)
Mediastinal surface 
Coastal surface 
Hilus
Pulmonary vessels and bronchi at root of lung 
Superior, middle and inferior lobe 
Oblique and horizontal fissure 
Anterior border
Cardiac impression
22
Q

Explain the function of the bronchopulmonary segments

A

Each bronchopulmonary segment is discrete

As in each segment is a portion of lung supplied by its own bronchus, pulmonary arterial branch and venous branch

Each segment is separated from others by a layer of connective tissue

They can be surgically removed

23
Q

How many bronchopulmonary segments in each lobe of the right lung?

A

Superior = 3

Middle = 2

Inferior = 5

24
Q

How many bronchopulmonary segments in each lobe of the left lung?

A

Superior = 4

Inferior = 5

25
Q

Explain the branching of bronchi and bronchioles

A

Each tertiary bronchus branches several times within a bronchopulmonary segment

Total 23 divisions

Bronchioles do no have any cartilage, but have smooth muscle
Terminal bronichole is the final branch of conducting system, but then they branch out further to form the respiratory bronchioles in the respiratory portion

These respiratory bronchioles develop into alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli

26
Q

Explain what are alveoli

A

Each lung contains 350-450 million alveoli
Each are 0.2-0.3 mm in diameter

They are surrounded by elastic fibres that are stretched at rest. Therefore when the lung is removed from chest wall, the alveoli (and lung) will recoil and collapse

When lung inflates, elastic fibres stretch more, thus increasing recoil force

27
Q

How does oxygen enter the blood?

A

Oxygen enters the blood via the alveoli blood supply (vein)
Branch of pulmonary artery redirected by the branch of pulmonary vein

So an alveolus has a respiratory membrane (looks mesh of elastic tissue fibres lined by epithelium) where gas exchange occurs, and within the epithelial wall its circled very close by pulmonary capillaries (thus high SA for exchange by diffusion). So the blood is seperate from the air of the alveoli by a barrier of only 0.2- 0.5 micrometers.

Additionally, each alveolus has a type 1 alveolar cell (single layer, flattened) and a type 2 alveolar cell (secrete pulmonary surfactant which helps lungs expand)

28
Q

How can SO much gas exchange occur in the alveoli ?

A

The total immense area combined with the very thin barrier permits the rapid exchange of large quantities of oxygen and CO2 between air and blood

29
Q

What’s the total area of alveoli in contact with capillaries per lung?

A

50-100 m^2 per lung

BIOS1155 (19 decks)

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