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Pharmacology > Respiratory study guide > Flashcards

Respiratory study guide Flashcards

1
Q

Pathophysiology of asthma

A
  • Chronic inflammation, resulting in an increase in airway edema and mucous secretions
  • Bronchospasm; hyper responsiveness to stimuli
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2
Q

Pathophysiology of COPD

A

-Consists of either chronic bronchitis and/or emphysema

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3
Q

Chronic bronchitis

A

Excess mucus production in the lower respiratory tract

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4
Q

Emphysema

A

Loss of bronchiolar elasticity and destruction of alveoli

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5
Q

Common causes of COPD

A

Smoking and air pollutants

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6
Q

Definition of respiration

A

Process by which oxygen brought into body, carbon dioxide is removed

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7
Q

Definition of perfusion

A

Blood flow through the lung

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8
Q

Ventilation

A

Process of moving air in/out of lungs

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9
Q

Step 1 treatment approach

A

Preferred: SABA PRN

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10
Q

Step 2 treatment approach

A

Preferred: Low dose ICS
Alternative: Cromolyn, LTRA, nedocromil, or theophylline

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11
Q

Step 3 treatment approach

A

Preferred: Low dose ICS + LABA or Medium dose ICS
Alternative: Low dose ICS + either LTRA, theophylline, or zileuton

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12
Q

Step 4 treatment approach

A

Preferred: Medium dose ICS + LABA
Alternative: Medium dose ICS + either LTRA, theophylline, or zileuton

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13
Q

Step 5 treatment approach

A

Preferred: High dose ICS + LABA and consider omalizumab for patients who have allergies

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14
Q

Step 6 treatment approach

A

Preferred: High dose ICS + LABA + oral corticosteroids AND consider omalizumab for patients who have allergies

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15
Q

What are the differences between treatment of acute symptoms vs prevention?

A

Acute symptoms: SABA

Prevention: Corticosteroids, Inhaled anticholinergic, leukotriene modifiers

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16
Q

Mechanism of Albuterol

A
  • Beta 2 agonist (SABA)
  • Selectively binds to beta 2 adrenergic receptors in bronchial smooth muscle to cause bronchidilation
  • fast onset
17
Q

Mechanism of Salmeterol

A
  • Beta 2 agonist (LABA)
  • Selectively binds to beta 2 adrenergic receptors in bronchial smooth muscle to cause bronchodilation
  • Slow onset
18
Q

Mechanism of Ipratropium

A
  • Inhaled anticholinergic

- Blocks cholinergic receptors in bronchial smooth muscle

19
Q

Mechanism of Beclomethasone

A
  • Inhaled corticosteroid

- Reduces inflammation and immune response, thus decreasing frequency of asthma attacks

20
Q

Mechanism of Cromolyn

A
  • Mast cell stabilizer
  • Stabilizes mast cells, thus preventing inflammatory response
  • Prevents release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators in airways
21
Q

Mechanism of Theophylline

A
  • Methylxantine
  • Relaxes bronchial smooth muscle
  • Suppresses airway responsiveness to stimuli that promote bronchospasm
  • Modest bronchodilator
22
Q

Mechanism of Omalizumab

A
  • Monoclonal antibodies

- Prevents inflammation and dampens response to allergens

23
Q

SE of albuterol and salmeterol:

A
  • Headache
  • Throat irritation, dry mouth
  • Restlessness, insomnia
  • Nervousness, tremor
  • Cardiac tachycardia, chest pain
  • Paradoxical bronchospasm
  • Allergic reaction
24
Q

Precautions of slameterol and albuterol:

A
  • History of tachycardia
  • Prolonged QT interval
  • Coronary artery disease
  • Hypertension
25
Q

SE of Ipratropium:

A
  • Dry mouth, bitter taste
  • Nausea, GI distress
  • Upper respiratory tract irritation
  • Paradoxical brochospasm
26
Q

Precautions of Ipratropium:

A
  • Closed angle glaucoma

- Urinary tract obstruction

27
Q

SE of Beclomethasone

A
  • Hoarseness, dry mouth, disgusia
  • Development of cataracts (long term therapy)
  • Corticosteroid toxicity
  • Growth Inhibition in children
  • Oral thrush
28
Q

SE of Cromolyn

A
  • Cough
  • Pharyngeal irritation
  • Local burning and stinging
  • Discontinue if eosinophilia develops*
29
Q

Contraindications of Theophylline:

A
  • Seizure disorders
  • Heart failure, dysrhythmias
  • Active peptic ulcer
  • Liver disease
30
Q

SE of Theophylline:

A
  • Nausea/vomiting
  • Headache, irritability, insomnia
  • Dysrhythmias
  • Seizures
31
Q

SE of Omalizumab:

A
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Bleeding
  • Severe dysmenorrhea

Pharmacology (6 decks)

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