Anesthesia study guide Flashcards
1
Q
What are the different types of sedation?
A
- General anesthesia
- Local anesthesia
- Regional anesthesia
- Moderate sedation
- Adjunct medications (benzodiazepines, opioids, and NMBA)
2
Q
What is balanced anesthesia?
A
The combined use of medication in general anesthesia
3
Q
Purpose of balanced anesthesia?
A
Analgesia, anti-anxiety, amnesia, block reflexes, depress consciousness
4
Q
What combinations of medications are used for balanced anesthesia?
A
- NMBA (paralyzes muscles) *NOT AN ANALGESIA
- Benzodiazepines (Enhances GABA, results in sedative, hypnotic, muscle relaxant *Too much can lead to respiratory depression, lactic acidosis, coma
- Opioids (Analgesia)
- General anesthetics (LOC)
5
Q
Effects of drug combinations:
A
- Rapid induction
- Reduced dosages
6
Q
Stage 1 of anesthesia
A
- From the start of anesthesia up to LOC
- Analgesia
7
Q
Stage 2 of anesthesia
A
- LOC to automatic breathing
- Excitement
- Loss of eyelash reflex
8
Q
Stage 3 of anesthesia
A
- From onset of automatic breathing to respiratory paralysis (need ventilator, tube)
- Surgical anesthesia
9
Q
Stage 4 of anesthesia
A
-From respiratory cessation to death
10
Q
What is malignant hyperthermia?
A
- Disease that causes a fast rise in body temperature and severe muscle contractions
- Rare adverse effects of isoflurane (Forane)
- Breaks down protein/muscles
- Passed down through families
- Triggered by a drug (NMBA or inhaled ethers)
- Occurs during or after general anesthesia
- Tachypnea, tachycardia, muscle rigidity
- Life-threatening emergency
11
Q
Antidote for malignant hyperthermia
A
Dantrolene
*can use a cooling blanket also
12
Q
MOA for Nitrous Oxide (NO)
A
Not completely known
13
Q
MOA for Isoflurane (Forane)
A
- Unknown
- GABA, glycine, and glutamate receptor agonist
- Reduces pain and relaxes muscles
14
Q
MOA for Propofol (Diprivan)
A
- Unclear
- Binds to GABA receptor
15
Q
MOA for Midazolam (versed)
A
GABA receptor agonist
