Respiratory reading

Question 1

What is the overall sequence of epithelial damage and regeneration?

Answer 1

Cell geneneration –> exfoliation –> ulceration –> mitosis –> repair

Question 2

What type of pathogen commonly causes epithelial ulceration and regeneration? Explain general pathogeneisis with common location.

Answer 2

Viral infections in which viruses replicate in nasal, tracheal, and bronchial epithelium –> causing extensive mucosal ulceration.

Question 3

What are a few examples of virus pathogens that cause transient infections with damage and regeneration of the respiratory epithelium?

Answer 3

Rhinoviruses
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (Bovine herpesvirus)
Feline rhinotracheitis (feline herpesvirus 1)
Canine infectious tracheobronchitis (CAV-2 and canine parainfluenza-2)

Question 4

What is hemoptysis (blood in sputum/saliva) a common result of?

Answer 4

pneumonia
lung abscess
ulcerative bronchitis
pulmonary thromboembolisms
pulmonary neoplasia

Question 5

What are 4 common viruses that cause transient respiratory infections in horses?

Answer 5

Equine viral rhinopneumonitis virus (EVR)
influenza virus
adenovirus
rhinovirus

Question 6

What are some clinical signs of respiratory infection in horses?

Answer 6

malaise (general discomfort)
fever
coughing
nasal discharge varying from serous-purulent

Question 7

What viruse(s) cause EVR in horses?

Answer 7

Equine herpesvirus (EHV-1 and EHV-4)

Question 8

What nerve do many herpesvirus like to hang out?

Answer 8

Trigeminal cranial nerve

Question 9

What are common sequelae of equine strangles?

Answer 9

1. bronchopneumonia (aspiration of nasopharyngeal exudate)
2. laryngeal hemiplegia (compression of recurrent laryngeal nerve)
3. facial paralysis and Horner syndrome (compression of sympathetic nerves)
4. purpura hemorrhagica (from vasculitis caused by deposition of Ag-Ab complex)
5. guttural pouch empyema—pus (severe cases)
6. cellulitis from ruptured lymph abscess

Question 10

Clinical signs of equine strangles

Answer 10

cough
nasal discharge
conjunctivitis
painful swelling of regional lymph nodes

Question 11

What pathogen is IBR virus commonly synergistic with in causing pneumonia?

Answer 11

Mannheimia haemolytica

Question 12

What is the major sequelae of IBR? What causes it?

Answer 12

pneumonia
aspiration of exudate from airways or from impaired pulmonary defense –> predisposes animal to secondary bacteria (most commonly Mannheimia haemolytica)

Question 13

What is a characteristic microscopic finding for atrophic rhinitis?

Answer 13

osteoclastic hyperplasia and osteopenia of conchae

Question 14

How is atrophic rhinitis clinically characterized?

Answer 14

Sneezing
Coughing
Nasal discharge

Question 15

Where does FHV-1 target epithelial cells?

Answer 15

Replication in nasal, conjunctival, pharyngeal, and trachea (lesser extent) epithelium –> degeneration and exfoliation of cells

Question 16

Are feline viral rhinotracheitis lesions reversible?

Answer 16

Yes

Question 17

Can you seen inclusion bodies with BoHV-1 or FHV-1 viral infections?

Answer 17

ONLY in early stages of the disease.

Question 18

What are clinical signs for feline viral rhinotracheitis?

Answer 18

lethargy
oculonasal discharge
severe rhinitis
conjunctivitis

Question 19

What virus causes endemic ethmoidal tumors? What animals?

Answer 19

Oncogenic retrovirus

cattle, sheep, goat

Question 20

What internal structures are close to the guttural pouch?

Answer 20

internal carotid arteries
cranial nerves (VII, IX, X, XI, and XII)
atlantooccipital joint

Question 21

What causes ovine pulmonary carcinoma?

Answer 21

Retrovirus

Question 22

What is the gross appearance of ovine pulmonary carcinoma?

Answer 22

Lungs are enlarged, heavy, and wet

several firm, gray, variably sized nodules – usually located on cranioventral lobes

Question 23

What is the sequelae to ovine pulmonary carcinoma?

Answer 23

bronchopneumonia
abscesses
fibrous pleural adhesions
Metastases to tracheobronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes

Question 24

What is the pathogenesis for Acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema (Fog fever)?

Answer 24

L-tryptophan present in pasture as aftermath to foggage –> ingestion –> metabolized in rumen –> 3-methylindole –> blood –> lungs –> Clara cells metabolize 3-methylindole –> highly pneumotoxic compound –> extensive and selective necrosis of bronchiolar cells and type I pneumocytes. –> increased alveolar perm, alveolar and interstitial emphysema –> interstitial pneumonia

Question 25

What are the different causes of pleuritis?

Answer 25

penetrating thoracic or diaphragmatic wound
hematogenous dissemination of infectious organism or septicemia
direct extension from adjacent inflammatory rxn (fibrnous bronchopneumonia)

Question 26

What bacteria in dogs and cats can cause pyogranulomatous pleuritis characterized by blood stained pus?

Answer 26

Nocardia
Actinomyces
Bacteroides

contain yellowish flecks = sulfur granules