Respiratory reading Flashcards
What is the overall sequence of epithelial damage and regeneration?
Cell geneneration –> exfoliation –> ulceration –> mitosis –> repair
What type of pathogen commonly causes epithelial ulceration and regeneration? Explain general pathogeneisis with common location.
Viral infections in which viruses replicate in nasal, tracheal, and bronchial epithelium –> causing extensive mucosal ulceration.
What are a few examples of virus pathogens that cause transient infections with damage and regeneration of the respiratory epithelium?
Rhinoviruses
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (Bovine herpesvirus)
Feline rhinotracheitis (feline herpesvirus 1)
Canine infectious tracheobronchitis (CAV-2 and canine parainfluenza-2)
What is hemoptysis (blood in sputum/saliva) a common result of?
pneumonia lung abscess ulcerative bronchitis pulmonary thromboembolisms pulmonary neoplasia
What are 4 common viruses that cause transient respiratory infections in horses?
Equine viral rhinopneumonitis virus (EVR)
influenza virus
adenovirus
rhinovirus
What are some clinical signs of respiratory infection in horses?
malaise (general discomfort)
fever
coughing
nasal discharge varying from serous-purulent
What viruse(s) cause EVR in horses?
Equine herpesvirus (EHV-1 and EHV-4)
What nerve do many herpesvirus like to hang out?
Trigeminal cranial nerve
What are common sequelae of equine strangles?
- bronchopneumonia (aspiration of nasopharyngeal exudate)
- laryngeal hemiplegia (compression of recurrent laryngeal nerve)
- facial paralysis and Horner syndrome (compression of sympathetic nerves)
- purpura hemorrhagica (from vasculitis caused by deposition of Ag-Ab complex)
- guttural pouch empyema—pus (severe cases)
- cellulitis from ruptured lymph abscess
Clinical signs of equine strangles
cough
nasal discharge
conjunctivitis
painful swelling of regional lymph nodes
What pathogen is IBR virus commonly synergistic with in causing pneumonia?
Mannheimia haemolytica
What is the major sequelae of IBR? What causes it?
pneumonia
aspiration of exudate from airways or from impaired pulmonary defense –> predisposes animal to secondary bacteria (most commonly Mannheimia haemolytica)
What is a characteristic microscopic finding for atrophic rhinitis?
osteoclastic hyperplasia and osteopenia of conchae
How is atrophic rhinitis clinically characterized?
Sneezing
Coughing
Nasal discharge
Where does FHV-1 target epithelial cells?
Replication in nasal, conjunctival, pharyngeal, and trachea (lesser extent) epithelium –> degeneration and exfoliation of cells
Are feline viral rhinotracheitis lesions reversible?
Yes
Can you seen inclusion bodies with BoHV-1 or FHV-1 viral infections?
ONLY in early stages of the disease.
What are clinical signs for feline viral rhinotracheitis?
lethargy
oculonasal discharge
severe rhinitis
conjunctivitis
What virus causes endemic ethmoidal tumors? What animals?
Oncogenic retrovirus
cattle, sheep, goat
What internal structures are close to the guttural pouch?
internal carotid arteries cranial nerves (VII, IX, X, XI, and XII) atlantooccipital joint
What causes ovine pulmonary carcinoma?
Retrovirus
What is the gross appearance of ovine pulmonary carcinoma?
Lungs are enlarged, heavy, and wet
several firm, gray, variably sized nodules – usually located on cranioventral lobes
What is the sequelae to ovine pulmonary carcinoma?
bronchopneumonia
abscesses
fibrous pleural adhesions
Metastases to tracheobronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes
What is the pathogenesis for Acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema (Fog fever)?
L-tryptophan present in pasture as aftermath to foggage –> ingestion –> metabolized in rumen –> 3-methylindole –> blood –> lungs –> Clara cells metabolize 3-methylindole –> highly pneumotoxic compound –> extensive and selective necrosis of bronchiolar cells and type I pneumocytes. –> increased alveolar perm, alveolar and interstitial emphysema –> interstitial pneumonia
What are the different causes of pleuritis?
penetrating thoracic or diaphragmatic wound
hematogenous dissemination of infectious organism or septicemia
direct extension from adjacent inflammatory rxn (fibrnous bronchopneumonia)
What bacteria in dogs and cats can cause pyogranulomatous pleuritis characterized by blood stained pus?
Nocardia
Actinomyces
Bacteroides
contain yellowish flecks = sulfur granules
