Respiratory Flashcards
What is the pathogenesis for Swine Atrophic Rhinitis?
Primary rhinitis –> bacterial attachment and colonization –> cytotoxins injure osteoblasts to produce osteosperosis of turbinates –> atrophy
What is the pathogenesis for Swine Atrophic Rhinitis?
Primary rhinitis –> bacterial attachment and colonization –> cytotoxins injure osteoblasts to produce osteosperosis of turbinates –> atrophy
What are the two bacteria that act as the most common cause of swine atrophic rhinitis?
Bordetella bronchiseptica
Pasteurella multocida
What is possible sequelae to Swine Atrophic Rhinitis?
decreased growth
pneumonia
meningitis
What lesions are present with swine atrophic rhinitis?
Mucosal exudate
Turbinate asymmetry
Atrophy/hypoplasia
Septal deviation
What is Turkey coryza?
Bordetellosis
Lay name for upper respiratory disease in birds
What is the most likely cause for Turkey coryza and what are some clinical signs/lesions?
Bordetella avium
Tracheal collapse, rhinitis, conjunctivitis
What are some causes for Laryngeal hemiplagia/paralysis in the horse?
Idiopathic damage to recurrent laryngeal nerve (inflammation, toxin, physical)
What is the pathogenesis for Laryngeal hemiplagia/paralysis?
primary nerve damage –> neurogenic atrophy of cricoaryteniodeus dorsalis muscle –> decreased laryngeal dilation on inspiration –> obstruct airflow
What lesion is associated with Laryngeal hemiplagia/paralysis in race horses?
pale fibrous atrophied cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle
Most common on the left side.
What are causes for laryngeal edema? What lesion will be present?
Allergy
Drugs
Smoke
Physical
Thick, gelatinous mucosa
What are some mucosal masses that could cause airway obstruction?
Nasal granuloma Nasal polyp, cyst Nasal hematomas Nasal tumors Lymphoid hyperplasia Nasal amyloidosis
Name some nasal tumors.
Adenocarcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma Sarcoma -- less common Lymphosarcoma --> cats Endemic ethmoidal tumors --> sheep --> typical of retrovirus induced carcinomas
Name the causes for tracheal collapse
Congenital (pups)
Aquired (young adult)
** common in toy breed dogs **
Name some causes for upper airway obstruction
Laryngeal hemiplagia/paralysis Tracheal collapse Laryngeal edema Mucosal masses (granuloma, polyp, cyst, tumor) External compression
What are some causes of nasal granuloma?
Foreign body Fungi Allergic Parasitic Idiopathic
What are causes of lymphoid hyperplasia?
Chronic inflammation
Parasites
What would you expect a cat to have if there was upper airway obstruction or external compression? (Hint: 2 things)
Nasal polyp
Abscess
What are some common causes for upper respiratory external compression?
Neoplasma (thyroid, thymus, lymphoid)
Abscesses
Lymphadenopathy (mandibular LN, Tracheobronchial)
Thyroid hyperplasia (Goiter)
What are some circulatory disturbances of the URT?
Edema
Congestion/hyperemia
Hemorrhage – epistaxis
What are causes for congestion/hyperemia of the URT?
Acute inflammation (Rhinitis, Sinusitis, Pharyngitis, Laryngitis, Tracheitis)
What are the causes for epistaxis?
Trauma Tumor Inflammation Rupture of a blood vessel Gutter pouch mycosis EIPH
What are the causes for epistaxis?
Trauma Tumor Inflammation Rupture of a blood vessel Gutter pouch mycosis EIPH
What are the two bacteria that act as the most common cause of swine atrophic rhinitis?
Bordetella bronchiseptica
Pasteurella multocida
What is possible sequelae to Swine Atrophic Rhinitis?
decreased growth
pneumonia
meningitis
What lesions are present with swine atrophic rhinitis?
Mucosal exudate
Turbinate asymmetry
Atrophy/hypoplasia
Septal deviation
What is Turkey coryza?
Bordetellosis
Lay name for upper respiratory disease in birds
What is the most likely cause for Turkey coryza and what are some clinical signs/lesions?
Bordetella avium
Tracheal collapse, rhinitis, conjunctivitis
What are some causes for Laryngeal hemiplagia/paralysis in the horse?
Idiopathic damage to recurrent laryngeal nerve (inflammation, toxin, physical)
What is the pathogenesis for Laryngeal hemiplagia/paralysis?
primary nerve damage –> neurogenic atrophy of cricoaryteniodeus dorsalis muscle –> decreased laryngeal dilation on inspiration –> obstruct airflow
What lesion is associated with Laryngeal hemiplagia/paralysis in race horses?
pale fibrous atrophied cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle
Most common on the left side.
What are causes for laryngeal edema? What lesion will be present?
Allergy
Drugs
Smoke
Physical
Thick, gelatinous mucosa
What are some mucosal masses that could cause airway obstruction/stenosis?
Nasal granuloma Nasal polyp, cyst Nasal hematomas Nasal tumors Lymphoid hyperplasia Nasal amyloidosis
Name some nasal tumors.
Adenocarcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma Sarcoma -- less common Lymphosarcoma --> cats Endemic ethmoidal tumors --> sheep --> typical of retrovirus induced carcinomas
Name the causes for tracheal collapse
Congenital (pups)
Aquired (young adult)
** common in toy breed dogs **
Name some causes for upper airway obstruction
Laryngeal hemiplagia/paralysis Tracheal collapse Laryngeal edema Mucosal masses (granuloma, polyp, cyst, tumor) External compression
What are some causes of nasal granuloma?
Foreign body Fungi Allergic Parasitic Idiopathic
What are causes of lymphoid hyperplasia?
Chronic inflammation
Parasites
What would you expect a cat to have if there was upper airway obstruction or external compression? (Hint: 2 things)
Nasal polyp
Abscess
What are some common causes for upper respiratory external compression?
Neoplasma (thyroid, thymus, lymphoid)
Abscesses
Lymphadenopathy (mandibular LN, Tracheobronchial)
Thyroid hyperplasia (Goiter)
What are some circulatory disturbances of the URT?
Edema
Congestion/hyperemia
Hemorrhage – epistaxis
What are causes for congestion/hyperemia of the URT?
Acute inflammation (Rhinitis, Sinusitis, Pharyngitis, Laryngitis, Tracheitis)
What is the gross appearance of UR congestion/hyperemia?
swollen, red mucosa
What are the causes for epistaxis?
Trauma Tumor Inflammation Rupture of a blood vessel Gutter pouch mycosis EIPH
What do you call inflammation of:
- Nasal cavity
- Sinuses
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Rhinitis
- Sinusitis
- Pharyngitis
- Laryngitis
- Tracheitis
- Bronchitis
- Bronchiolitis
What does MCF stand for and what causes it? What type of inflammation does it cause?
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
OVH2 – Herpesvirus
Fibrinous rhinitis
What does IBR stand for and what causes it? What type of inflammation does it cause?
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis BHV-1 Fibrinous rhinitis Fibrinous pharyngitis Fibrinonecrotic tracheobronchitis
What animal does Pseudorabies (PRV) affect? What type of inflammation does it cause?
Pig
Fibrinonecrotizing rhinitis
What is the lesion for Infectious Feline Rhinotracheitis? Cause?
Rhinitis
Conjunctivitis
Cause = Herpesvirus
What lesions does Feline Calicivirus cause?
Ulcerative glossitis
nasal dermatitis
What is the cause of Infectious Laryngotracheitis? Species affected? Type of inflammation?
Herpesvirus
Avian (chicken)
Fibrinohemorrhagic tracheitis
What is the other name for Inclusion body rhinitis? Cause?
Lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis
Herpesvirus
What are the clinical signs and sequelae for inclusion body rhinitis in pigs?
All pigs will be sneezing and then it is self controlling
Sequelae: Decreased growth rate, decreased appetite
How can you categorize different rhinitis?
Serous Catarrhal Suppurative Fibrinous Fibrinonecrotic Hemorrhagic Granulomatous
What are causes for pulmonary hemorrhage?
Trauma: penetrating wound, gunshot, ribfx Vascular injury from pul. inflammation Septicemia - DIC Electrocution Ruptured pulmonary vessel - aneurysm Coagulopathies Exercise induced hemorrhage in horse
What are some causes for embolism, thrombosis, and infarct?
septic emboli from right heart endocarditis
Ruptured liver abscesses
Dirofilariasis
Embolism from phlebitis, venipuncture/catheter sites
Cardiomyopathy (cats)
Metastatic tumor emboli
Pulmonary vascular injury
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (sepsis)
Fat after bone fx
What are some causes of acquired atalectasis (compression)? Obstruction causes?
Compression
- Pneumothorax
- Hydrothorax
- Hemothorax
- Diaphragmatic hernia
Obstruction
- Foreign body
- Parasite
- exudate
- Tumor
What may lead to pulmonary edema?
Left heart failure - cardiogenic
Heavy parasitism - decreased osmotic pressure
Acute bacterial pneumonia - endotoxemia, LTs, acute phase inflammatory reactants
Viral diseases causing vasculitis
Allergy, anaphylaxis, shock
Some toxins: ANTU
Brain injury – Neurogenic edema
What is a sequelae to pulmonary edema?
Sudden death from respiratory failure – drown
Pneumonia
Pulmonary fibrosis
What is the general pathogenesis for pulmonary edema?
?? –> capillary endothelial damage, increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased osmotic pressure –> alveolar flooding with serum with foam production –> ischemic injury to alveolar wall –> more flooding
What are the three basic types of atalectasis?
- Fetal – always collapsed
- Acquired – compression
- Acquired – obstruction of airway
What are the three basic types of emphysema?
- Vesicular – alveolar overdistention/rupture
- Interstitial – interlobular air bubbles, esp. cattle
- Bullous – Large air filled cavity(ies) displacing normal parenchyma
What is the pathogenesis for emphysema?
Alveolar wall damage (infl, toxic, ischemia, gasping, genetic) –> airway obstruction –> forced expiration –> overdistention of alveoli –> rupture and coalescence
What is the sequelae for emphysema?
- Decreased ventilation, exercise intolerance
- RV hypertrophy due to increased pulmonary vascular resistance (vesicular emphysema)
- Progressive respiratory failure
What is the pathogenesis for Equine COPD (Heaves)?
initiating cause –> bronchitis –> repeated exposure to cause –> airway hypersensitivity (1 or 4) –> chronic inflammation and hyperresponsive airway
What bacteria cause suppurative bronchopneumonis?
Pasteurella multocida Bordetella sp. Arcanobacterium sp. Streptococcus sp. E. coli Mycoplasma
What bacteria cause fibrinous bronchopneumonia?
Mannheimia hemolytica
Histophilus sp.
Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia
Mycoplasma mycoides
What is the histologic hallmark sign for bronchopneumonia?
fluid and cells filling alveoli
What are causes for interstitial pneumonia?
Viral disease (canine distemper) - type I pneumocyte damage Septicemia (Salmonellosis) - endotoxemia Toxoplasmosis Oxygen toxicity, Paraquat toxicity Silicosis Hypersensitivity rxn Plant toxins, volatile oils
What is the classic signs of interstitial pneumonia histologically?
Thickened alveolar septa
What are some persistent fungi that cause granulomatous pneumonia?
Histoplasma capsulatum
Blastomyces dermatitidis
Cryptococcus neoformans
What are some persistant bacteria that may cause granulomatous pneumonia?
Mycobacterium sp
Rhodococcus equi
