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Pathology > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pathogenesis for Swine Atrophic Rhinitis?

A

Primary rhinitis –> bacterial attachment and colonization –> cytotoxins injure osteoblasts to produce osteosperosis of turbinates –> atrophy

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2
Q

What is the pathogenesis for Swine Atrophic Rhinitis?

A

Primary rhinitis –> bacterial attachment and colonization –> cytotoxins injure osteoblasts to produce osteosperosis of turbinates –> atrophy

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3
Q

What are the two bacteria that act as the most common cause of swine atrophic rhinitis?

A

Bordetella bronchiseptica

Pasteurella multocida

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4
Q

What is possible sequelae to Swine Atrophic Rhinitis?

A

decreased growth
pneumonia
meningitis

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5
Q

What lesions are present with swine atrophic rhinitis?

A

Mucosal exudate
Turbinate asymmetry
Atrophy/hypoplasia
Septal deviation

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6
Q

What is Turkey coryza?

A

Bordetellosis

Lay name for upper respiratory disease in birds

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7
Q

What is the most likely cause for Turkey coryza and what are some clinical signs/lesions?

A

Bordetella avium

Tracheal collapse, rhinitis, conjunctivitis

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8
Q

What are some causes for Laryngeal hemiplagia/paralysis in the horse?

A

Idiopathic damage to recurrent laryngeal nerve (inflammation, toxin, physical)

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9
Q

What is the pathogenesis for Laryngeal hemiplagia/paralysis?

A

primary nerve damage –> neurogenic atrophy of cricoaryteniodeus dorsalis muscle –> decreased laryngeal dilation on inspiration –> obstruct airflow

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10
Q

What lesion is associated with Laryngeal hemiplagia/paralysis in race horses?

A

pale fibrous atrophied cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle

Most common on the left side.

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11
Q

What are causes for laryngeal edema? What lesion will be present?

A

Allergy
Drugs
Smoke
Physical

Thick, gelatinous mucosa

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12
Q

What are some mucosal masses that could cause airway obstruction?

A 
Nasal granuloma
Nasal polyp, cyst
Nasal hematomas
Nasal tumors
Lymphoid hyperplasia
Nasal amyloidosis
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13
Q

Name some nasal tumors.

A 
Adenocarcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Sarcoma -- less common
Lymphosarcoma --> cats
Endemic ethmoidal tumors --> sheep --> typical of retrovirus induced carcinomas
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14
Q

Name the causes for tracheal collapse

A

Congenital (pups)
Aquired (young adult)

** common in toy breed dogs **

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15
Q

Name some causes for upper airway obstruction

A 
Laryngeal hemiplagia/paralysis
Tracheal collapse
Laryngeal edema
Mucosal masses (granuloma, polyp, cyst, tumor)
External compression
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16
Q

What are some causes of nasal granuloma?

A 
Foreign body
Fungi
Allergic
Parasitic 
Idiopathic
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17
Q

What are causes of lymphoid hyperplasia?

A

Chronic inflammation

Parasites

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18
Q

What would you expect a cat to have if there was upper airway obstruction or external compression? (Hint: 2 things)

A

Nasal polyp

Abscess

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19
Q

What are some common causes for upper respiratory external compression?

A

Neoplasma (thyroid, thymus, lymphoid)
Abscesses
Lymphadenopathy (mandibular LN, Tracheobronchial)
Thyroid hyperplasia (Goiter)

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20
Q

What are some circulatory disturbances of the URT?

A

Edema
Congestion/hyperemia
Hemorrhage – epistaxis

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21
Q

What are causes for congestion/hyperemia of the URT?

A

Acute inflammation (Rhinitis, Sinusitis, Pharyngitis, Laryngitis, Tracheitis)

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22
Q

What are the causes for epistaxis?

A 
Trauma
Tumor
Inflammation
Rupture of a blood vessel
Gutter pouch mycosis
EIPH
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23
Q

What are the causes for epistaxis?

A 
Trauma
Tumor
Inflammation
Rupture of a blood vessel
Gutter pouch mycosis
EIPH
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24
Q

What are the two bacteria that act as the most common cause of swine atrophic rhinitis?

A

Bordetella bronchiseptica

Pasteurella multocida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is possible sequelae to Swine Atrophic Rhinitis?

A

decreased growth
pneumonia
meningitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What lesions are present with swine atrophic rhinitis?

A

Mucosal exudate
Turbinate asymmetry
Atrophy/hypoplasia
Septal deviation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is Turkey coryza?

A

Bordetellosis

Lay name for upper respiratory disease in birds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the most likely cause for Turkey coryza and what are some clinical signs/lesions?

A

Bordetella avium

Tracheal collapse, rhinitis, conjunctivitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are some causes for Laryngeal hemiplagia/paralysis in the horse?

A

Idiopathic damage to recurrent laryngeal nerve (inflammation, toxin, physical)

30
Q

What is the pathogenesis for Laryngeal hemiplagia/paralysis?

A

primary nerve damage –> neurogenic atrophy of cricoaryteniodeus dorsalis muscle –> decreased laryngeal dilation on inspiration –> obstruct airflow

31
Q

What lesion is associated with Laryngeal hemiplagia/paralysis in race horses?

A

pale fibrous atrophied cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle

Most common on the left side.

32
Q

What are causes for laryngeal edema? What lesion will be present?

A

Allergy
Drugs
Smoke
Physical

Thick, gelatinous mucosa

33
Q

What are some mucosal masses that could cause airway obstruction/stenosis?

A 
Nasal granuloma
Nasal polyp, cyst
Nasal hematomas
Nasal tumors
Lymphoid hyperplasia
Nasal amyloidosis
34
Q

Name some nasal tumors.

A 
Adenocarcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Sarcoma -- less common
Lymphosarcoma --> cats
Endemic ethmoidal tumors --> sheep --> typical of retrovirus induced carcinomas
35
Q

Name the causes for tracheal collapse

A

Congenital (pups)
Aquired (young adult)

** common in toy breed dogs **

36
Q

Name some causes for upper airway obstruction

A 
Laryngeal hemiplagia/paralysis
Tracheal collapse
Laryngeal edema
Mucosal masses (granuloma, polyp, cyst, tumor)
External compression
37
Q

What are some causes of nasal granuloma?

A 
Foreign body
Fungi
Allergic
Parasitic 
Idiopathic
38
Q

What are causes of lymphoid hyperplasia?

A

Chronic inflammation

Parasites

39
Q

What would you expect a cat to have if there was upper airway obstruction or external compression? (Hint: 2 things)

A

Nasal polyp

Abscess

40
Q

What are some common causes for upper respiratory external compression?

A

Neoplasma (thyroid, thymus, lymphoid)
Abscesses
Lymphadenopathy (mandibular LN, Tracheobronchial)
Thyroid hyperplasia (Goiter)

41
Q

What are some circulatory disturbances of the URT?

A

Edema
Congestion/hyperemia
Hemorrhage – epistaxis

42
Q

What are causes for congestion/hyperemia of the URT?

A

Acute inflammation (Rhinitis, Sinusitis, Pharyngitis, Laryngitis, Tracheitis)

43
Q

What is the gross appearance of UR congestion/hyperemia?

A

swollen, red mucosa

44
Q

What are the causes for epistaxis?

A 
Trauma
Tumor
Inflammation
Rupture of a blood vessel
Gutter pouch mycosis
EIPH
45
Q

What do you call inflammation of:

  1. Nasal cavity
  2. Sinuses
  3. Pharynx
  4. Larynx
  5. Trachea
  6. Bronchi
  7. Bronchioles
A
  1. Rhinitis
  2. Sinusitis
  3. Pharyngitis
  4. Laryngitis
  5. Tracheitis
  6. Bronchitis
  7. Bronchiolitis
46
Q

What does MCF stand for and what causes it? What type of inflammation does it cause?

A

Malignant Catarrhal Fever
OVH2 – Herpesvirus
Fibrinous rhinitis

47
Q

What does IBR stand for and what causes it? What type of inflammation does it cause?

A 
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis 
BHV-1
Fibrinous rhinitis
Fibrinous pharyngitis
Fibrinonecrotic tracheobronchitis
48
Q

What animal does Pseudorabies (PRV) affect? What type of inflammation does it cause?

A

Pig

Fibrinonecrotizing rhinitis

49
Q

What is the lesion for Infectious Feline Rhinotracheitis? Cause?

A

Rhinitis
Conjunctivitis
Cause = Herpesvirus

50
Q

What lesions does Feline Calicivirus cause?

A

Ulcerative glossitis

nasal dermatitis

51
Q

What is the cause of Infectious Laryngotracheitis? Species affected? Type of inflammation?

A

Herpesvirus
Avian (chicken)
Fibrinohemorrhagic tracheitis

52
Q

What is the other name for Inclusion body rhinitis? Cause?

A

Lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis

Herpesvirus

53
Q

What are the clinical signs and sequelae for inclusion body rhinitis in pigs?

A

All pigs will be sneezing and then it is self controlling

Sequelae: Decreased growth rate, decreased appetite

54
Q

How can you categorize different rhinitis?

A 
Serous
Catarrhal
Suppurative
Fibrinous
Fibrinonecrotic
Hemorrhagic
Granulomatous
55
Q

What are causes for pulmonary hemorrhage?

A 
Trauma: penetrating wound, gunshot, ribfx
Vascular injury from pul. inflammation
Septicemia - DIC
Electrocution 
Ruptured pulmonary vessel - aneurysm
Coagulopathies
Exercise induced hemorrhage in horse
56
Q

What are some causes for embolism, thrombosis, and infarct?

A

septic emboli from right heart endocarditis
Ruptured liver abscesses
Dirofilariasis
Embolism from phlebitis, venipuncture/catheter sites
Cardiomyopathy (cats)
Metastatic tumor emboli
Pulmonary vascular injury
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (sepsis)
Fat after bone fx

57
Q

What are some causes of acquired atalectasis (compression)? Obstruction causes?

A

Compression

  • Pneumothorax
  • Hydrothorax
  • Hemothorax
  • Diaphragmatic hernia

Obstruction

  • Foreign body
  • Parasite
  • exudate
  • Tumor
58
Q

What may lead to pulmonary edema?

A

Left heart failure - cardiogenic
Heavy parasitism - decreased osmotic pressure
Acute bacterial pneumonia - endotoxemia, LTs, acute phase inflammatory reactants
Viral diseases causing vasculitis
Allergy, anaphylaxis, shock
Some toxins: ANTU
Brain injury – Neurogenic edema

59
Q

What is a sequelae to pulmonary edema?

A

Sudden death from respiratory failure – drown
Pneumonia
Pulmonary fibrosis

60
Q

What is the general pathogenesis for pulmonary edema?

A

?? –> capillary endothelial damage, increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased osmotic pressure –> alveolar flooding with serum with foam production –> ischemic injury to alveolar wall –> more flooding

61
Q

What are the three basic types of atalectasis?

A
  1. Fetal – always collapsed
  2. Acquired – compression
  3. Acquired – obstruction of airway
62
Q

What are the three basic types of emphysema?

A
  1. Vesicular – alveolar overdistention/rupture
  2. Interstitial – interlobular air bubbles, esp. cattle
  3. Bullous – Large air filled cavity(ies) displacing normal parenchyma
63
Q

What is the pathogenesis for emphysema?

A

Alveolar wall damage (infl, toxic, ischemia, gasping, genetic) –> airway obstruction –> forced expiration –> overdistention of alveoli –> rupture and coalescence

64
Q

What is the sequelae for emphysema?

A
  • Decreased ventilation, exercise intolerance
  • RV hypertrophy due to increased pulmonary vascular resistance (vesicular emphysema)
  • Progressive respiratory failure
65
Q

What is the pathogenesis for Equine COPD (Heaves)?

A

initiating cause –> bronchitis –> repeated exposure to cause –> airway hypersensitivity (1 or 4) –> chronic inflammation and hyperresponsive airway

66
Q

What bacteria cause suppurative bronchopneumonis?

A 
Pasteurella multocida
Bordetella sp.
Arcanobacterium sp.
Streptococcus sp.
E. coli
Mycoplasma
67
Q

What bacteria cause fibrinous bronchopneumonia?

A

Mannheimia hemolytica
Histophilus sp.
Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia
Mycoplasma mycoides

68
Q

What is the histologic hallmark sign for bronchopneumonia?

A

fluid and cells filling alveoli

69
Q

What are causes for interstitial pneumonia?

A 
Viral disease (canine distemper) - type I pneumocyte damage
Septicemia (Salmonellosis) - endotoxemia
Toxoplasmosis
Oxygen toxicity, Paraquat toxicity
Silicosis
Hypersensitivity rxn
Plant toxins, volatile oils
70
Q

What is the classic signs of interstitial pneumonia histologically?

A

Thickened alveolar septa

71
Q

What are some persistent fungi that cause granulomatous pneumonia?

A

Histoplasma capsulatum
Blastomyces dermatitidis
Cryptococcus neoformans

72
Q

What are some persistant bacteria that may cause granulomatous pneumonia?

A

Mycobacterium sp

Rhodococcus equi

Pathology (9 decks)

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