cardiac

Question 1

What are three causes for left sided heart failure?

Answer 1

1. myocardial contractility loss (myocarditis, myocardial necrosis, or cardiomyopathy)
2. dysfunction of mitral or aortic valves
3. congenital heart disease

Question 2

What are 3 causes for right sided heart failure?

Answer 2

1. pulmonary hypertension
2. Cardiomyopathy
3. disease of tricuspid and pulmonary valves

Question 3

What are the three major sequelae of congenital anomalies?

Answer 3

1. Neonatal death
2. Gradual cardiac decompensation (stunted, cyanosis, poor exercise tolerance, murmur), congestive failure
3. no clinical disease

Question 4

What are 4 causes for hemopericardium?

Answer 4

1. iatrogenic puncture
2. foreign body (nail, wire, bullet)
3. ruptured vessel or chamber
4. rupture of neoplasm (hemangiosarcoma, heart base tumor)

Question 5

What are 3 causes for hydropericardium?

Answer 5

1. serous pericarditis (uremia, NaCl poisoning in chickens)
2. right heart failure
3. obstruction at base of heart

Question 6

What are the 3 major mechanisms of hydropericardium?

Answer 6

1. increased vascular permeability
2. Increased hydrostatic pressure
3. hypervolemia of congestive failure

Question 7

What is the sequelae to hemopericardium?

Answer 7

cardiac failure from compression of atria and inability to fill the chambers

Question 8

What is the sequelae to hydropericardium?

Answer 8

1. death from primary disease

2. recovery accompanied by removal of fluid

Question 9

What are causes of hyaline/zenkers necrosis?

Answer 9

1. ischemia
2. nutritional deficiency (Se/vit E)
3. toxins
   - chemical :monensin, cobalt, gossypol
   - plant (Japanese yew)
   - antineoplastic drugs
   - bacterial endotoxin
4. metabolic disease (azoturia)
5. physical injury (defibrillator shock)
6. Secondary to neuronal injury - “heart brain syndrome” –> excess catecholamine release

Question 10

What are 6 causes of endocardial fibrosis and/or mineralization?

Answer 10

1. vitamin D poisoning
2. plant toxins
3. Chronic cardiac dilation
4. Cachexia (Johne’s disease)
5. chronic uremia
6. “jet lesions” associated with valvular lesions

Question 11

What is the most common cause of CHF in old dogs?

Answer 11

valvular degeneration

Question 12

What are 3 sequelae to thrombosis, embolism and infarction?

Answer 12

1. cardiac failure
2. healing with scarring
3. secondary myocardial abscessation if septic emboli

Question 13

What are some hematogenous infections that can cause fibrinous pericarditis?

Answer 13

Streptococcosis
pasteurellosis
salmonellosis
hemophilus sp.
blackleg
psittacosis
sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis

Question 14

What is one cause for suppurative pericarditis?

Answer 14

FB penetration in cattle (hardware dz) - traumatic reticulopericarditis

Question 15

What are 4 portals of entry for endocarditis?

Answer 15

1. hematogenous dissemination
2. parasitic migration
3. intravenous and intracardiac catheters (long term placement)
4. uremia-induced vascular damage and secondary endocardial ulceration (dog - left atrium)

Question 16

What are 2 defence mechanisms of the endocardium?

Answer 16

1. constant blood flow through cardiac chamber

2. immunologic responses- humoral and innate

Question 17

What are hematogenous infections that can cause endocarditis?

Answer 17

streptococcus
erysipelas
phycomycosis
A. pyogenes infection
strongylosis
uremia
trauma

Question 18

What are 4 sequelae to endocarditis?

Answer 18

1. cardiac failure from valvular dysfunction
2. death from bacteremia
3. septic embolism
4. recovery

Question 19

What are 2 portals of entry for myocarditis?

Answer 19

1. hematogenous dissemination
2. embolic dissemination of infective material fragments from vegatative endocarditis lesions into coronary arterial tree

Question 20

What is 1 defense mechanism for the myocardium?

Answer 20

immunologic responses- humoral and innate

Question 21

What are general causes for myocarditis?

Answer 21

viral
bacterial
mycotic
protozoan
parasitic
idiopathic

Question 22

What are a few viruses that could cause myocarditis?

Answer 22

CPV
FMD
pseudorabies
canine distemper
cytomegalovirus
newcastle disease
EEE
WEE

Question 23

What are some bacterial that can cause myocarditis?

Answer 23

Actinobacillus equuli
Corynebacterium kutscheri
Staphylococcus sp
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Diplococcus pneumonia
tuberculosis (mycobacterium)

Question 24

What fungus can cause myocarditis?

Answer 24

Histoplasma

Question 25

What are 3 sequelae to myocarditis?

Answer 25

1. complete resolution
2. residual scars
3. progressive myocardial damage with acute or chronic cardiac failure

Question 26

What are the two types of hypertrophy and their characteristics?

Answer 26

Eccentric - increased volume, large chamber, thin wall

Concentric - increase pressure, small chamber, thick wall

Question 27

What are 3 common diseases that may cause hypertrophy?

Answer 27

1. high altitude disease –> pulmonary hypertension
2. Dirofilariosis –> pulmonary hypertension
3. Hyperthyroidism in cats –> especially LV

Question 28

What is eccentric hypertrophy secondary to?

Answer 28

hypervolemia

shunting

Question 29

What are the 6 most common cardiac diseases in dogs?

Answer 29

1. valvular degeneration/endocardiosis
2. Congenital heart disease
3. Dilated cardiomyopathy
4. Hemorrhagic pericardial effusion
5. Cardiac neoplasia
6. Dirofilariosis

Question 30

What are 3 common cardiac diseases in cats?

Answer 30

1. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
2. Dilated cardiomyopathy
3. Hyperthyroidism-associated hypertrophy

Question 31

What are the most common cardiovascular diseases of ruminants?

Answer 31

White muscle disease
cardiotoxicity
Brisket disease
pericarditis
endocarditis
malignant lymphoma

Question 32

What are three common cardiovascular diseases of pigs?

Answer 32

1. mulberry heart disease
2. pericarditis
3. endocarditis

Question 33

Most important cardiovascular diseases of the horse

Answer 33

Fibrinous pericarditis
toxic cardiomyopathy
endocardial fibrosis and calcification 
endocarditis
verminous endarteritis