cardiac Flashcards
What are three causes for left sided heart failure?
- myocardial contractility loss (myocarditis, myocardial necrosis, or cardiomyopathy)
- dysfunction of mitral or aortic valves
- congenital heart disease
What are 3 causes for right sided heart failure?
- pulmonary hypertension
- Cardiomyopathy
- disease of tricuspid and pulmonary valves
What are the three major sequelae of congenital anomalies?
- Neonatal death
- Gradual cardiac decompensation (stunted, cyanosis, poor exercise tolerance, murmur), congestive failure
- no clinical disease
What are 4 causes for hemopericardium?
- iatrogenic puncture
- foreign body (nail, wire, bullet)
- ruptured vessel or chamber
- rupture of neoplasm (hemangiosarcoma, heart base tumor)
What are 3 causes for hydropericardium?
- serous pericarditis (uremia, NaCl poisoning in chickens)
- right heart failure
- obstruction at base of heart
What are the 3 major mechanisms of hydropericardium?
- increased vascular permeability
- Increased hydrostatic pressure
- hypervolemia of congestive failure
What is the sequelae to hemopericardium?
cardiac failure from compression of atria and inability to fill the chambers
What is the sequelae to hydropericardium?
- death from primary disease
2. recovery accompanied by removal of fluid
What are causes of hyaline/zenkers necrosis?
- ischemia
- nutritional deficiency (Se/vit E)
- toxins
- chemical :monensin, cobalt, gossypol
- plant (Japanese yew)
- antineoplastic drugs
- bacterial endotoxin - metabolic disease (azoturia)
- physical injury (defibrillator shock)
- Secondary to neuronal injury - “heart brain syndrome” –> excess catecholamine release
What are 6 causes of endocardial fibrosis and/or mineralization?
- vitamin D poisoning
- plant toxins
- Chronic cardiac dilation
- Cachexia (Johne’s disease)
- chronic uremia
- “jet lesions” associated with valvular lesions
What is the most common cause of CHF in old dogs?
valvular degeneration
What are 3 sequelae to thrombosis, embolism and infarction?
- cardiac failure
- healing with scarring
- secondary myocardial abscessation if septic emboli
What are some hematogenous infections that can cause fibrinous pericarditis?
Streptococcosis pasteurellosis salmonellosis hemophilus sp. blackleg psittacosis sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis
What is one cause for suppurative pericarditis?
FB penetration in cattle (hardware dz) - traumatic reticulopericarditis
What are 4 portals of entry for endocarditis?
- hematogenous dissemination
- parasitic migration
- intravenous and intracardiac catheters (long term placement)
- uremia-induced vascular damage and secondary endocardial ulceration (dog - left atrium)
What are 2 defence mechanisms of the endocardium?
- constant blood flow through cardiac chamber
2. immunologic responses- humoral and innate
What are hematogenous infections that can cause endocarditis?
streptococcus erysipelas phycomycosis A. pyogenes infection strongylosis uremia trauma
What are 4 sequelae to endocarditis?
- cardiac failure from valvular dysfunction
- death from bacteremia
- septic embolism
- recovery
What are 2 portals of entry for myocarditis?
- hematogenous dissemination
- embolic dissemination of infective material fragments from vegatative endocarditis lesions into coronary arterial tree
What is 1 defense mechanism for the myocardium?
immunologic responses- humoral and innate
What are general causes for myocarditis?
viral bacterial mycotic protozoan parasitic idiopathic
What are a few viruses that could cause myocarditis?
CPV FMD pseudorabies canine distemper cytomegalovirus newcastle disease EEE WEE
What are some bacterial that can cause myocarditis?
Actinobacillus equuli Corynebacterium kutscheri Staphylococcus sp Pseudomonas aeruginosa Diplococcus pneumonia tuberculosis (mycobacterium)
What fungus can cause myocarditis?
Histoplasma
What are 3 sequelae to myocarditis?
- complete resolution
- residual scars
- progressive myocardial damage with acute or chronic cardiac failure
What are the two types of hypertrophy and their characteristics?
Eccentric - increased volume, large chamber, thin wall
Concentric - increase pressure, small chamber, thick wall
What are 3 common diseases that may cause hypertrophy?
- high altitude disease –> pulmonary hypertension
- Dirofilariosis –> pulmonary hypertension
- Hyperthyroidism in cats –> especially LV
What is eccentric hypertrophy secondary to?
hypervolemia
shunting
What are the 6 most common cardiac diseases in dogs?
- valvular degeneration/endocardiosis
- Congenital heart disease
- Dilated cardiomyopathy
- Hemorrhagic pericardial effusion
- Cardiac neoplasia
- Dirofilariosis
What are 3 common cardiac diseases in cats?
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- Dilated cardiomyopathy
- Hyperthyroidism-associated hypertrophy
What are the most common cardiovascular diseases of ruminants?
White muscle disease cardiotoxicity Brisket disease pericarditis endocarditis malignant lymphoma
What are three common cardiovascular diseases of pigs?
- mulberry heart disease
- pericarditis
- endocarditis
Most important cardiovascular diseases of the horse
Fibrinous pericarditis toxic cardiomyopathy endocardial fibrosis and calcification endocarditis verminous endarteritis
