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Apexia > Respiratory Physiology - Dr. Clement > Flashcards

Respiratory Physiology - Dr. Clement Flashcards

1
Q

______ is the overall process of controlled oxidation of metabolism for production of useful energy by organism

A

Respiration

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2
Q

The 2 types of respiration

A

External/ pulmonary respiration
Internal/ Cellular respiration

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3
Q

_______ involves the inhaling of oxygen and exhaling of carbon dioxide

A

External/pulmonary respiration

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4
Q

_______ involves the utilization of inhaled oxygen and resultant production of energy, water and carbon dioxide for cellular metabolis

A

Internal/cellular respiration

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5
Q

List the normal respiratory rate in different ages

A

Newborn: 30mins - 60mins
Early childhood: 20mins - 40mins
Late Childhood: 15mins - 25mins
Adulthood: 12mins - 15mins

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6
Q

Air moves into the lungs by _____

A

Turbulent precipitation

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7
Q

The hair and mucous lining in the nasal cavity helps to _______

A

Trap noxious substance entering the lungs

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8
Q

The functional anatomy of the respiratory component is divided into ______ namely;

A

It is divided into 6
Namely;

Thoracic cavity
Air passage
Lungs
Parts connected to the CNS
Muscles of respiration
Alveolar and capillary membrane

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9
Q

The thoracic cage is made up of _____, ______ and _____

A

12 ribs
Costal cartilage
Sternum

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10
Q

Muscles of respiration are ______ and _____

A

Muscles of inspiration
Muscles of expiration

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11
Q

_______ is a dome shape musculo - tedious portions found between the abdomen and thorax forming the roof of the abdomen and floor of the thorax

A

The Diaphragm

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12
Q

Thoracic cavity is ______ shape structure formed by ______, ______ and _______

A

Conical shape

Formed by bony thorax, internal intercostal muscle and diaphragm

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13
Q

_____ is a conduit that allows air to move from the atmosphere into the lung

A

Air passage (Respiratory Tract Segment)

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14
Q

Air passage consist of;

A

Nasal cavity
Larynx
Pharynx
Bronchi
Trachea
Bronchiole to the point of termination

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15
Q

Air moves into the lungs via _____

A

Turbulent precipitation

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16
Q

In the nasal cavity ______ prevents noxious substances from entering into the lungs

A

Hair and mucous lining

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17
Q

The temporary cessation of breathing during swallowing is termed ______

A

Deglutition (Swallowing) apnea

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18
Q

The trachea is about _____cm long

A

11cm

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19
Q

The trachea starts from ______ and terminates to the point it divides into ________ and ________

A

The larynx
Right and left bronchi

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20
Q

The trachea is lined by _______ epithelium

A

Ciliated Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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21
Q

The lungs are made up of ____ parts; namely with each of their lobes

A

2 parts

Right lung: The right lung is made up of 3 lobes
Left lung: The left lung is made up of 2 lobes

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22
Q

The surface of the lung is covered by ______

A

Visceral cavity

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23
Q

The inside of the thorax is covered by ______

A

Parietal cavity

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24
Q

The potential space between the visceral cavity and parietal cavity is the ______

A

Interpleural space/Pleural cavity

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25
______ million alveoli are found in each lung
300million
26
______ is the functional unit of the lung
The alveoli
27
The alveoli is _____ in diameter
0.2mm - 0.5mm
28
The alveoli is _____ in surface area
70m^2
29
The alveolar type cell is also known as _______
Pneumocytes
30
List the alveolar type cells/pneumocytes
Alveolar type I cell Alveolar type II cell
31
________ produces/secretes surfactant
The alveolar-type cell (pneumocytes)
32
_______ lines the alveoli
The pulmonary capillaries
33
________is the shape of the alveoli
Polygonal
34
What is an anatomical dead space?
It refers to the amount of air found in the respiratory tract segment that conduit air to the alveolar and respiratory bronchioles but do not take part in the process of gaseous exchange
35
Respiratory tract segments (air passage) include:
Larynx Pharynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Nasal cavity
36
________ is the volume of air in the space of the segment?
150ml
37
List the non - non-respiratory function of the lungs
Vocalization Olfaction Regulation of water balance Defense mechanism Removal of dust particles Anticoagulant function Synthesis of Hormonal substances Regulation of acid balance Regulation of body temperature
38
The volume of air in the respiratory tract segment varies in ______, ______ and _______
Sex Posture Age
39
Cells of defensive mechanisms includes:
Mast cells Macrophages Natural Killer cells Dendritic cells Leukocytes
40
_____ kills bacteria in the leukocytes through phagocytosis and _____ develops impunity against bacteria
Neutrophils and lymphocytes
41
Serotonin, hydrolytic, histamine and heparin hormone are secreted by _______ cells
Mast cells
42
______ are the third type of lymphocyte
Natural killer cells
43
Interferon and tumor necrosis factors are secreted by _____
Natural Killer Cells
44
______ secrets angiotensin converting enzyme
Endothelial cell
45
Angiotensin I is converted to Angiotensin II by ______
Angiotensin-converting enzyme
46
_______ protects the lungs and air passage from foreign particles
Respiratory protective reflux
47
Cough is a result of ______
Irrigation of the respiratory tracts
48
Causes of cough includes
Cardiac disorder Pulmonary disorder Tumor in the thorax
49
The receptor that initiates cough is located in the
Nose Larynx Pharynx Trachea Stomach Diaphragm
50
_______ is the center for cough reflex
Medulla oblongata
51
Afferent nerve fibre of the cough reflex passes through ______ nerves
Vagus nerve Trigeminal nerve Glossopharyngeal nerve Phrenic nerve Mnemonic: VaTriGloPh
52
The efferent nerve of the cough reflex passes via:
Phrenic nerve Spinal nerve Vagus nerve
53
The sneezing reflex is a result of _____
Irrigation in the nasal mucous membrane/nasal membrane
54
_______ is the center of sneezing reflex
Medula oblongata
55
Irritation of the nasal mucous membrane is initiated by
Dust particles Debris Mechanical obstruction
56
Sneezing afferent fibre past through ______ nerves
Trigeminal nerve Olfactory nerve
57
Sneezing different nerve fiber passes through _____ nerves
Phrenic nerve Vagus nerve
58
Swallowing is also known as ______
Deglutition
59
What is deglutition
Is the prevention of food particles into the air passage during swallowing
60
The temporary arrest of breath is known as
Apnea
61
The temporary arrest of breath during swallowing is known as
Deglutition apnea or Swallowing apnea
62
Deglutition occurs in _____ stage
Pharyngeal stage
63
Respiration occurs in _____ phases, namely;
2phases Namely; Inspiration Expiration
64
During inspiration, the ______ and _____ enlarges to allow air to enter the lungs easily
Thoracic cage and lungs
65
What happens during expiration?
During expiration, the thoracic cage and the lungs decreases thereby taking a pre-inspiratory position to allow air to leave the lungs
66
Respiratory muscle is classified into _____ muscles, namely;
2 muscles Primary Respiratory muscle Accessory Respiratory muscle
67
______ is responsible for the change of size in the thoracic cage
Primary respiratory muscle
68
______ helps primary respiratory muscles during expiration
Accessory respiratory muscle
69
_______ and _______ are the primary inspiratory muscle
The diaphragm and the external intercostal muscle
70
The diaphragm is supplied by _______
The phrenic nerve
71
The external Intercostal muscle is innervated by _______
The Intercostal muscle (T1 - T11)
72
The accessory inspiratory muscles includes
Stephnocleomastid Scalena Pectoral Elevator Scapulae Interior Serrati
73
Mention the primary exploratory muscle
The internal intercostal muscle
74
The internal intercostal muscle is innervated by ________
Intercostal nerve
75
The accessory expirstory muscle constitutes of _______
Abdominal Muscle
76
________ causes enlargement of thoracic cage
Inspiration
77
The thoracic cage enlarges due to increase in the diameters, namely;
Anteroposterior diameter Transverse diameter Vertical diameter
78
The change in the size of the thoracic cage is due to four movement unit, namely;
Thoracic lid/speculum Upper coastal series Lower coastal series Diaphram
79
Thoracic lid is formed by ______ and ______
Manubrium stern and First pair of rib
80
_______ is known as thoracic operculm
Thoracic lid
81
Upper costal series forms _______
Second to sixth pair of rib
82
Movement of the thoracic lid increases _______
Anteroposterior diameter
83
Movement of the upper coastal series increases __________ diameter
Anteroposterior and transverse diameter
84
_______ forms the seventh to 10th pair of ribs there by increasing the transverse diameter
The diaphragm
85
List the factors causing the collapsing tendency of the lungs
Elastic property of the lung Surface tension
86
List the factors preventing collapsing tendency of the lungs
Intrapleural pressure Surfactant
87
Intrapleural pressure is also known as ______
Intrathoracic pressure
88
________ causes the negativity of the intrapleural pressure
Pumping of fluids to the lymphatic vessel
89
Proteins found in surfactants are known as _____
Apoprotein
90
_______ reduces the rate of surface tension in surface
Surfactant
91
Deficiency of surfactant in children and adults leads to ________ and ______
In children: Respiratory Disease syndrome (RDS) In Adult: Adult Respiratory Disease Syndrome (ARDS)
92
________ secretes surfactants in _____ week of gestation
Alveolar type II cells (Pneumocytes) in the 24th week of gestation
93
List the features of the intrapleural respiratory pressure
It has an atmospheric pressure of 760mmHg At the end of the inspiration - 6mmHg (760-6 = 754mmHg) At the end of expiration - 2mmHg (760-2 = 758mmHg) At the end of forced Expiration -30mmHg

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