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Apexia > Respiratory Physiology - Dr. Clement > Flashcards

Respiratory Physiology - Dr. Clement Flashcards

1
Q

______ is the overall process of controlled oxidation of metabolism for production of useful energy by organism

A

Respiration

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2
Q

The 2 types of respiration

A

External/ pulmonary respiration
Internal/ Cellular respiration

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3
Q

_______ involves the inhaling of oxygen and exhaling of carbon dioxide

A

External/pulmonary respiration

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4
Q

_______ involves the utilization of inhaled oxygen and resultant production of energy, water and carbon dioxide for cellular metabolis

A

Internal/cellular respiration

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5
Q

List the normal respiratory rate in different ages

A

Newborn: 30mins - 60mins
Early childhood: 20mins - 40mins
Late Childhood: 15mins - 25mins
Adulthood: 12mins - 15mins

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6
Q

Air moves into the lungs by _____

A

Turbulent precipitation

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7
Q

The hair and mucous lining in the nasal cavity helps to _______

A

Trap noxious substance entering the lungs

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8
Q

The functional anatomy of the respiratory component is divided into ______ namely;

A

It is divided into 6
Namely;

Thoracic cavity
Air passage
Lungs
Parts connected to the CNS
Muscles of respiration
Alveolar and capillary membrane

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9
Q

The thoracic cage is made up of _____, ______ and _____

A

12 ribs
Costal cartilage
Sternum

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10
Q

Muscles of respiration are ______ and _____

A

Muscles of inspiration
Muscles of expiration

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11
Q

_______ is a dome shape musculo - tedious portions found between the abdomen and thorax forming the roof of the abdomen and floor of the thorax

A

The Diaphragm

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12
Q

Thoracic cavity is ______ shape structure formed by ______, ______ and _______

A

Conical shape

Formed by bony thorax, internal intercostal muscle and diaphragm

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13
Q

_____ is a conduit that allows air to move from the atmosphere into the lung

A

Air passage (Respiratory Tract Segment)

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14
Q

Air passage consist of;

A

Nasal cavity
Larynx
Pharynx
Bronchi
Trachea
Bronchiole to the point of termination

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15
Q

Air moves into the lungs via _____

A

Turbulent precipitation

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16
Q

In the nasal cavity ______ prevents noxious substances from entering into the lungs

A

Hair and mucous lining

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17
Q

The temporary cessation of breathing during swallowing is termed ______

A

Deglutition (Swallowing) apnea

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18
Q

The trachea is about _____cm long

A

11cm

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19
Q

The trachea starts from ______ and terminates to the point it divides into ________ and ________

A

The larynx
Right and left bronchi

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20
Q

The trachea is lined by _______ epithelium

A

Ciliated Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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21
Q

The lungs are made up of ____ parts; namely with each of their lobes

A

2 parts

Right lung: The right lung is made up of 3 lobes
Left lung: The left lung is made up of 2 lobes

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22
Q

The surface of the lung is covered by ______

A

Visceral cavity

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23
Q

The inside of the thorax is covered by ______

A

Parietal cavity

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24
Q

The potential space between the visceral cavity and parietal cavity is the ______

A

Interpleural space/Pleural cavity

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25
Q

______ million alveoli are found in each lung

A

300million

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26
Q

______ is the functional unit of the lung

A

The alveoli

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27
Q

The alveoli is _____ in diameter

A

0.2mm - 0.5mm

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28
Q

The alveoli is _____ in surface area

A

70m^2

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29
Q

The alveolar type cell is also known as _______

A

Pneumocytes

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30
Q

List the alveolar type cells/pneumocytes

A

Alveolar type I cell
Alveolar type II cell

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31
Q

________ produces/secretes surfactant

A

The alveolar-type cell (pneumocytes)

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32
Q

_______ lines the alveoli

A

The pulmonary capillaries

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33
Q

________is the shape of the alveoli

A

Polygonal

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34
Q

What is an anatomical dead space?

A

It refers to the amount of air found in the respiratory tract segment that conduit air to the alveolar and respiratory bronchioles but do not take part in the process of gaseous exchange

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35
Q

Respiratory tract segments (air passage) include:

A

Larynx
Pharynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Nasal cavity

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36
Q

________ is the volume of air in the space of the segment?

A

150ml

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37
Q

List the non - non-respiratory function of the lungs

A

Vocalization
Olfaction
Regulation of water balance
Defense mechanism
Removal of dust particles
Anticoagulant function
Synthesis of Hormonal substances
Regulation of acid balance
Regulation of body temperature

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38
Q

The volume of air in the respiratory tract segment varies in ______, ______ and _______

A

Sex
Posture
Age

39
Q

Cells of defensive mechanisms includes:

A

Mast cells
Macrophages
Natural Killer cells
Dendritic cells
Leukocytes

40
Q

_____ kills bacteria in the leukocytes through phagocytosis and _____ develops impunity against bacteria

A

Neutrophils and lymphocytes

41
Q

Serotonin, hydrolytic, histamine and heparin hormone are secreted by _______ cells

A

Mast cells

42
Q

______ are the third type of lymphocyte

A

Natural killer cells

43
Q

Interferon and tumor necrosis factors are secreted by _____

A

Natural Killer Cells

44
Q

______ secrets angiotensin converting enzyme

A

Endothelial cell

45
Q

Angiotensin I is converted to Angiotensin II by ______

A

Angiotensin-converting enzyme

46
Q

_______ protects the lungs and air passage from foreign particles

A

Respiratory protective reflux

47
Q

Cough is a result of ______

A

Irrigation of the respiratory tracts

48
Q

Causes of cough includes

A

Cardiac disorder
Pulmonary disorder
Tumor in the thorax

49
Q

The receptor that initiates cough is located in the

A

Nose
Larynx
Pharynx
Trachea
Stomach
Diaphragm

50
Q

_______ is the center for cough reflex

A

Medulla oblongata

51
Q

Afferent nerve fibre of the cough reflex passes through ______ nerves

A

Vagus nerve
Trigeminal nerve
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Phrenic nerve

Mnemonic: VaTriGloPh

52
Q

The efferent nerve of the cough reflex passes via:

A

Phrenic nerve
Spinal nerve
Vagus nerve

53
Q

The sneezing reflex is a result of _____

A

Irrigation in the nasal mucous membrane/nasal membrane

54
Q

_______ is the center of sneezing reflex

A

Medula oblongata

55
Q

Irritation of the nasal mucous membrane is initiated by

A

Dust particles
Debris
Mechanical obstruction

56
Q

Sneezing afferent fibre past through ______ nerves

A

Trigeminal nerve
Olfactory nerve

57
Q

Sneezing different nerve fiber passes through _____ nerves

A

Phrenic nerve
Vagus nerve

58
Q

Swallowing is also known as ______

A

Deglutition

59
Q

What is deglutition

A

Is the prevention of food particles into the air passage during swallowing

60
Q

The temporary arrest of breath is known as

61
Q

The temporary arrest of breath during swallowing is known as

A

Deglutition apnea or
Swallowing apnea

62
Q

Deglutition occurs in _____ stage

A

Pharyngeal stage

63
Q

Respiration occurs in _____ phases, namely;

A

2phases
Namely;

Inspiration
Expiration

64
Q

During inspiration, the ______ and _____ enlarges to allow air to enter the lungs easily

A

Thoracic cage and lungs

65
Q

What happens during expiration?

A

During expiration, the thoracic cage and the lungs decreases thereby taking a pre-inspiratory position to allow air to leave the lungs

66
Q

Respiratory muscle is classified into _____ muscles, namely;

A

2 muscles

Primary Respiratory muscle
Accessory Respiratory muscle

67
Q

______ is responsible for the change of size in the thoracic cage

A

Primary respiratory muscle

68
Q

______ helps primary respiratory muscles during expiration

A

Accessory respiratory muscle

69
Q

_______ and _______ are the primary inspiratory muscle

A

The diaphragm and the external intercostal muscle

70
Q

The diaphragm is supplied by _______

A

The phrenic nerve

71
Q

The external Intercostal muscle is innervated by _______

A

The Intercostal muscle (T1 - T11)

72
Q

The accessory inspiratory muscles includes

A

Stephnocleomastid
Scalena
Pectoral
Elevator Scapulae
Interior Serrati

73
Q

Mention the primary exploratory muscle

A

The internal intercostal muscle

74
Q

The internal intercostal muscle is innervated by ________

A

Intercostal nerve

75
Q

The accessory expirstory muscle constitutes of _______

A

Abdominal Muscle

76
Q

________ causes enlargement of thoracic cage

A

Inspiration

77
Q

The thoracic cage enlarges due to increase in the diameters, namely;

A

Anteroposterior diameter
Transverse diameter
Vertical diameter

78
Q

The change in the size of the thoracic cage is due to four movement unit, namely;

A

Thoracic lid/speculum
Upper coastal series
Lower coastal series
Diaphram

79
Q

Thoracic lid is formed by ______ and ______

A

Manubrium stern and First pair of rib

80
Q

_______ is known as thoracic operculm

A

Thoracic lid

81
Q

Upper costal series forms _______

A

Second to sixth pair of rib

82
Q

Movement of the thoracic lid increases _______

A

Anteroposterior diameter

83
Q

Movement of the upper coastal series increases __________ diameter

A

Anteroposterior and transverse diameter

84
Q

_______ forms the seventh to 10th pair of ribs there by increasing the transverse diameter

A

The diaphragm

85
Q

List the factors causing the collapsing tendency of the lungs

A

Elastic property of the lung
Surface tension

86
Q

List the factors preventing collapsing tendency of the lungs

A

Intrapleural pressure
Surfactant

87
Q

Intrapleural pressure is also known as ______

A

Intrathoracic pressure

88
Q

________ causes the negativity of the intrapleural pressure

A

Pumping of fluids to the lymphatic vessel

89
Q

Proteins found in surfactants are known as _____

A

Apoprotein

90
Q

_______ reduces the rate of surface tension in surface

A

Surfactant

91
Q

Deficiency of surfactant in children and adults leads to ________ and ______

A

In children: Respiratory Disease syndrome (RDS)

In Adult: Adult Respiratory Disease Syndrome (ARDS)

92
Q

________ secretes surfactants in _____ week of gestation

A

Alveolar type II cells (Pneumocytes) in the 24th week of gestation

93
Q

List the features of the intrapleural respiratory pressure

A

It has an atmospheric pressure of 760mmHg

At the end of the inspiration
- 6mmHg (760-6 = 754mmHg)

At the end of expiration
- 2mmHg (760-2 = 758mmHg)

At the end of forced Expiration
-30mmHg

Apexia (14 decks)

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