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OS2 > Respiratory Physiology > Flashcards

Respiratory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Three Values that cannot be measured using spirometry

A

FRC, RV and TLC

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2
Q

Formula for pressures of the lung

A

P_A = P_Pl + P_L

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3
Q

What happens to the FEV1/FVC ratio with obstructed lung disease (i.e. asthma)

A

Ratio decreases because FEV1 decreases much more than FVC

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4
Q

What happens to the FEV1/FVC ratio with fibrosis of the lung

A

Ratio will stay the same or will increases because of the large change in BOTH FEV1 and FVC

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5
Q

Minute Ventilation Formula

A

V_E = TV * RR

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6
Q

Alveolar Ventilation

A

V_A = (V_T - V_D) * RR

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7
Q

Definition of FRC

A

When the internal elastic recoil of the lung is equal to the outward force of the chest wall

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8
Q

Compliance of the chest/ lung system is () than that of the lungs alone or the chest wall alone

A

Compliance of the system is LESS THAN either one alone, due to the flatness of the curve

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9
Q

What happens to lung and chest wall upon a pneumothorax

A

Air enters the pleural space causing the lung to collapse (+ P_Pl) and the chest wall spring outward

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10
Q

Result of Emphysema on FRC

A

Emphysema increases compliance of the lungs (lungs are more floppy). Tendency for lungs to collapse decreases.
Lung chest wall system reaches new HIGHER FRC for lungs to have equal opposing force

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11
Q

Result of Fibrosis on FRC

A

Fibrosis decreases compliance of the lungs (lungs are more rigid). The lung-chest wall system will go towards a lower FRC, so that the lungs have less of a expanding force acting upon them.

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12
Q

Major Site of airway resistance

A

Medium sized bronchi

NOT smaller airways because of parallel arrangement

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13
Q

Sympathetic mechanism and results

A

Lung activated by Beta 2

Cause bronchodilation

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14
Q

Balloon catheter in the esophagus measures

A

P_Pl

Intrapleural pressure

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15
Q

What state of Iron does Oxygen bind to?

A

Fe2+ found in Hemoglobin

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16
Q

Hemoglobin is made up of ____ subunits, each of which contain a _____ moiety

A

Hemoglobin is made up of 4 subunits that each contain a Heme moiety

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17
Q

Difference between fetal and adult hemoglobin

A

Fetal hemoglobin has 2 gamma chains that replace the 2 beta chains in the adult. These gamma chains increase oxygen affinity for of fetal hemoglobin

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18
Q

Mechanism for increased oxygen affinity in fetal hemoglobin

A

gamma chains do not interact as well with 2,3 DPG.

2,3 DPG promotes oxygen release from hemoglobin

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19
Q

Iron state in methmoglobin

A

Iron is in ferric Fe3+ state

Does not bind O2

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20
Q

Right Shift of Hemoglobin and result of P50

A 
i.e. makes it easier for unloading of O2
low pH
high CO2
High 2,3 DPG
High Temp
P50 is increased
21
Q

2,3 DPG binds to which part of hemoglobin

A

beta chains of deoxyhemoglobin

22
Q

Left Shift of Hemoglobin and result of P50

A 
i.e. makes it harder for unloading of O2
high pH
low temp
low CO2
low 2,3 DPG
presence of CO
increases P50
23
Q

Three ways to transport CO2 in the blood

A
  1. Dissolved CO2
  2. Carbaminohemoglobin, CO2 bound to hemoglobin
  3. HCO3-
    NB: HCO3- is major form of CO2 in the blood (~90%)
24
Q

How does HCO3- leave the RBC?

A

Cl- antiporter

Cl- into the cell, HCO3- out of the RBC

25
Q

Zone 1 of Lung

A

P alveoli > P arteriole > P Vein

When standing blood flow is lowest in this area

26
Q

Zone 2 of Lung

A

P arteriole > P alveoli > P Vein
P arteriole increases due to gravity effect on hydrostatic pressure
Blood flow driven by P arteriole - P alveoli

27
Q

Zone 3 of Lung

A

P arteriole > P vein > P alveoli

blood flow driven by arterial and venous pressure

28
Q

Hypoxia in the lung causes _______

A

vasoconstriction

29
Q

Left to right shunts result in ______ Po2 of right atrial blood

A

Increased PO2 of right atrium with no change in left atrial PO2

30
Q

Factors effecting V/Q

A
  1. Frequency of Breath
  2. Tidal Volume
  3. Cardiac OUtput
    NB: NL V/Q = 0.8, PO2 = 100 mmHg, PCO2 = 40 mmHg
31
Q

Blood flow is lowest at the ______ and greatest at the _____ in the lung

A

blood flow is greatest at the base and lowest at the apex

32
Q

Ventilation is lowest at the ______ and greatest at the ______ in the lung

A

Ventilation is greatest at the base and lowest at the apex however the difference is not that great.

33
Q

Which has the greatest V/Q ratio, the apex of the lung or the base?

A

Apex has larger V/Q because of smaller Q

both Apex and Base have similar ventilation (V)

34
Q

What is the V/Q ratio when the trachea is obstructed by a piece of steak? What happens to A-a gradient?

A

With normal blood flow, V = 0
Thus V/Q = 0
A-a gradient increases

35
Q

What is the technical term when V/Q = 0

A

This is a physiological shunt

36
Q

What is the V/Q ratio in the presence of a pulmonary embolism?

A

No blood flow in that region of the lung, so the V/Q ratio approaches infinity.

37
Q

When V/Q is infinite, this is called

A

Dead space

38
Q

Sensory information of PCO2, lung stretch, irritants is cordinated in the ______

A

brainstem

39
Q

Medullary Respiratory Center is located in the _______

A

Reticular Formation

40
Q

Dorsal Respiratory Center of Reticular Formation responsible for

A

Inspiration and generates basic rhythm for breathing
INput: vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves
OUTput: phrenic nerve

41
Q

Ventral Respiratory Group

A

Primarily responsible for expiration
not active during normal quiet breathing
actived during exercise i.e. active expiration

42
Q

Function of lower pons in breathing

A

Stimulates breathing

Apneustic = large inspiratory breath

43
Q

Function of upper pons in breathing

A

Inhibits breathing

Pneumotaxic

44
Q

Central Chemoreceptors location and stimulants

A

Located in the medulla

decrease in pH and increase in CO2 stim breathing

45
Q

Peripheral Chemoreceptors location and stimulants

A

Carotid Bodies, Aortic bodies
PO2 drop (<60mmHg)
pH drop
increase in CO2

46
Q

Hering-Breuer Reflex

A

Increase in stretch receptors within the smooth muscle of the lungs causes a decrease in breathing frequency

47
Q

What happens to mean values of PO2 and PCO2 during exercise

A

The values DO NOT CHANGE

48
Q

What happens to venous PCO2 during exercise?

A

Venous PCO2 increases during exercise

OS2 (16 decks)

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