respiratory physiology Flashcards
which side of the bronchial tree is pathologies more common and why
r side bc more vertical and shorter
what is the first thing that must happen to meet body metabolic needs
air containing O2 must enter lungs and then transfer across eh alveolar capillary membrane
does O2 diffusion happen quicker than CO2 diffusion across the alveolar capillary membrane and into the alveolar air space
no CO2 is 4x faster
what way does the diaphragm move for exhalation and inhalation
exhalation it goes up
inhalation it foes down
what is minute ventilation
amount for air that comes in and out for the lung in 1 min
why does RBCs must pass close to the alveolar capillary wall
for circulation and O2 doesn’t diffuse as well as CO2
surface tension of the lungs is lowered by what
surfactant
what is the Pressure in lung interstitium, outside airways,reflected as intrapleural pressure called
intraplueral pressure
when is intra alveolar pressure negative and positive
negative on inhalation
positive on exhalation
during inhalation there is a ___ intra thoracic pressure which helps small airways expand and remain open
negative
when are the breathing mm relaxed
during exhalation
exhalation causes ___ airway pressure gradient
positive
if the lungs are hypo-compliant what does that mean
it indicated a stiff lung , so restrictive lung disorder or fibrosis
what is elasticity complainant lung
lung is to stretched out , think obstructive lung disease
what is tidal volume
the amount of air that we can breath
what is inspiratory reserve volume
amount of air that we can inhale about the tidal volume
what is expiratory reserve volume
the amount for air we can exhale after a normal exhale
what is residual volume
the amount of air that is left in the lungs after there has been a maxed exhalation which keeps the lungs from collapsing
how is residual volume differ with patients with COPD and RLD
COPD patients will have an increased residual volume bc they lungs are hyper inflated and they have problems with exhalation
RLD will have decreased residual volume bc they are a decreased inhalation to begin with
what is inspiratory capacity
TV+IRV so basically the amount of air we can breath in with an inhalation
what is functional residual capacity
expiratory reserve volume + residual volume so basically after a normal exhalation it is the amount of air still left in your lungs
what is vital capacity
the amount of air we can forcefully inhale and exhale
what is total lung volume
the total amount of air that is in our lungs at full inhalation
how is total lung volume effected with patients with COPD and RLD
COPD it is increased and RLD it is decreased
which static lung volumes and capacity its can not be determined with a basic spirometer
residual volume
functional residual volume
total lung capacity
what 3 things are decreased with restrictive lung condition
vital capacity, inspiratory reserve volume and inspiratory capacity
what is forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1)
the volume for air exhaled in 1 sec
what is the normal predicted for FEV1 and what is it based on
> 80%
age, gender, race and height
what is FEV1/ FVC
the amount of air exhaled in 1 second divided by the amount of air we can breath in and breath out passed our regular breaths
what is the normal percent of FEV1/FVC
> 70%
if FEV1/FVC is < 80% what disease can we say they have
obstructive disease
why is FEV1/FVC gonna be normal for restrictive patients
bc the amount of air they breath in is less but they amount of air they breath out is gonna be based on how much air they breath in .. they do not have a problem with exhalation like obstructive patients do
what does it mean if a lung has increased compliance
more easily stretched
what does it mean if a lung is decreased compliance
less easily to stretch
do restrictive lung patients have increased or decreased compliance
decreased
increased lung compliance will lead to what happening to functional residual capacity and residual volume
increased bc the lung is more easily stretched so the amount go air left in the lung will increase
increased lung compliance tends to ____ PaO2 and ____ paCO2
decrease
increase
increased lung compliance leads to ___ intra thoracic pressure and ___ airway resistance on exhalation
decreased
increased
will emphysema patients have increased or decreased lung compliance
increased
decreased lung compliance leads to ____ vital capacity and residual volume
decreased bc the amount of air we can breath in and out will be decreased bc lung will be hypo inflated
decreased lung compliance will leaded to ___ work of breathing and ___ intra thoracic pressure
increased 2x
if you have decreased lung volume you will have ___ lung compliance and ___ pressure
decreased
increased
airway resistance progressively ___ with decreased lung volume
increased
low lung volume will lead to ___ resistance and high lung volume will lead to ___ resistance
high
low
obstructive lung patients will have ___ lung volumes and ___ flow rate
high
low
restrictive patients will have ___ lung volume but ___ flow rates
low
normal/high
describe shunting
ventilation is less then perfusion , it usually occurs at lower part of lungs bc of gravity
describe dead space
ventilation is greater then perfusion , this is usually at the top of the lungs bc of gravity as well
what is the normal overall ventilation perfusion ration
.8
areas with higher relative ventilation will have ___ O2 and ___ Co2
high
low
areas with higher relative perfusion will have ___ O2 and ___CO2
low and high
does the base of the lung have more ventilation or perfusion
perfusion
distribution of perfusion improves with ____
exercise
the ___ of the lungs contribute to the greatest quantity of O2 to the body due to large a amount of blood flow thru this region
base
your pateint has pneumonia , causing consolidation to the right lung why would side lying with the affected side up improve oxygenation
allow lung to expand and alos gravity will pull blood down
how thin is the alveolar capillary membrane
<1 micron
why is it beneficial for the alveolar capillary me membrane to be extremely thin
minimizes the distance that O2 needs to diffuse to enter the blood stream
the pulmonary capillary is about the diameter of the __ , which minimized the distance the O2 has to diffuse thru plasma to reach the RBC
erythrocyte
In a mixture of gases, each gas exerts a
partial pressure equal to its proportionate
representation in the mix.
◼ The sum of these partial pressures will equal
the pressure of the whole gas.
what law is this
daltons
what is the percent of O2 in the air
21
what are some disorders that primarily affect diffusion
bronchopulmonary dysplasia
pulmonary edema/ pneumonia
ARDS
pulmonary hypertension
if a patient has a swan gaze cather in what does that usually mean
pulmonary hypertension
what are 4 factors that could shift the O2 hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right
cause Hgb to released O2
lowered pH
increased CO2
increeeaed temp
all disorders that limit ___ will affect Hgb saturation of O2
diffusion
disorders that reduce alveolar ventilation are what
increased PaCO2 and decreased PaO2
normally raised levels of PaCO2 provide ___ stimulus for breathing
strongest
increased ventilation
what is the number one reason from hypoxemia
ventilation/ perfusion Mismatch
hypoxemia has ___ PaO2
low
hypoventilation leads to ___ CO2 in the blood AKA,….
increased
hypercapnia
hyperventilation leads to ___ PaCo2 in the blood aka…
low
hypocapnia
what are 3 things that hypoventilation foes
elevates PaCO2
increased acidicity ‘
lowers pH
what are 3 things hyperventilation does
decreased PaCO2
reduces acid content
raised pH
if kidneys increase excretions of HCO3 what does that do to the pH and what is it called
lowers pH
metabolic acidosis
if kidneys decreased excretions of HCO3 what does that do to the pH and what is it called
raises Ph
metabolic alkalosis
