respiratory pathophysiology Flashcards by sophia carrasco

so if a patient pH < 7.35 , HCO3 > 28 , and PaCO2 is > 45 what is the correct acid/base interpretation

normal values:
pH 7.35-7.45
HCO3= 22-26
PaCO2= 35-45

well pH is acidosis bc less then 7.35 and if can only be acidic if PaCO2 is high or HCO3 is low

so respiratory acidosis with partial compensation from bicarb

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

is PaCO2 an acid or base

acid

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

is HCO3 an acid or base

base

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

someone with respiratory acidosis will have bradycardia or tachycardia

tachy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

if you are having hyperventaliation will your pH go up or down

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

if a patient presents with pH > 7.45 , HCO3 < 24 , and PaCO2 < 35 what acid/base interpretation is this

normal values
pH= 7.35 -7.45
HCO3= 22-26
PaCO2= 35-45

pH is high so it is alkalosis / basic , HCO3 is normal and PaCO2 is low

so respiratory alkalosis with no compensation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

if someone has excessive excretion of acids due to renal disease , loss of hydrochloric acid from prolonged vomiting and decreases plasma potassium levels which can lead to arrthymias what acid/base interpretation could they have

metabolic alkalosis bc decrease potasium levels and loss of hydrochloric acid

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

if a patient presents with pH > 7.45 , HCO3 > 28 and PaCO2 > 45 what acid/base interpretation is this

normal values
pH= 7.35-7.45
HCO3= 22-26
PaCO2= 35-45

pH is high so alkalosis , HCO3 is high so could be causing the alkalosis bc HCO3 is a base and PaCO2 is high so it could be compensating

so metabolic alkalosis with partial compensation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what acid/base interpretation can hyper kalemia lead to

metabolic acidosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

if a patient presents with pH < 7.35 , HCO3 < 22 and PaCO2 < 35 then what acid/base interpretation is it

norms
ph= 7.35 - 7.45
HCO3= 22-26
PaCO2= 35-45

pH is low so acidosis, bi carb is low and PaCO2 is low …. since bi car is low it is make it acid bc there is less base , is the PaCO2 was high then it would be respiratory

metabolic acidosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

if pH is low it indicates what ?
if high ?

low - acidosis
high - alkalosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

if CO2 is high and pH is low what does that indicate? is it hypoventilation or hyperventilation

respiratory acidosis (hypoventalation)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

if CO2 is low and pH is high what acid/base interpretation does this indicate? hyperventilation or hypoventilation>

respiratory alkalosis (hyperventalation)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

if HCO3 is high and pH is high what acid/base interpretation does this indicate

metabolic alkalosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

if HCO3 is low and pH is low what acid/base interpretation does this indicate

metabolic acidosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

patient 1: pH= 7.55 , CO2= 32 , HCO3= 20 what acid/base interpretation does this indicate

pH is high , CO2 is high ad HCO3 is low

so respiratory alkalosis with partial compensation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

patient 2: pH= 7.47 , CO2= 61 , HCO3= 43 what acid/base interpretation does this indicate

pH is high , CO2 is high ad HCO3 is high

matabolic alkalosis with partial comp

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

patient 2: pH= 7.26 , CO2= 55 , HCO3= 24 what acid/base interpretation does this indicate

pH is low , CO2 is high ad HCO3 is normal

respiratory acidosis with no compensation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

patient 2: pH= 7.32, CO2= 19 , HCO3=9 what acid/base interpretation does this indicate

pH is low , CO2 is low ad HCO3 is low

metabolic acidosis with partial compensation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

if FEV1/ FVC is < 70% what disease can we suspect

obstructive for sure

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is decreased and what is increased in obstructive disorders

vital capacity, inspiratory reserve volum and expiration reserve volume is decreased

residual volume , total lung capacity , and functional residual volume is increased

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is the normal percent for forced vital capacity ? if it is over the normal what does that indicate and if it is under the norm what does that indicate

80%-120%

< 80% means restrictive lun disease
>120% means obstructive lung disease

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are the 2 main types of COPD

chronic bronchitis and emphysema

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

if somenoe has destruction of terminal bronchioles and alveolar wall and increase lung tissue compliance what disease do they most likely have

emphysema

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

if someone has excessive mucous production , airway narrowing and a productive cough on most days for the 3 months for 2 consecutive years what disease do they most likely have

chronic bronchitis

how will an emphysema patient present during exercise

develop oxygen desaturation

how will an chronic bronchitis patient present during exercise

oxygen saturation may decrease with exercise

someone will emphysema have ____ of the terminal airwyas

dilation

what type of emphysema affeects the alveoli which causes a loss of surface for air exchange and is predominately in the lower lobes

panacinar

what type of emphysema affects the respiratory bronchioles and is most commonly due to smoking and is primary in the upper lobes

centrilobular

patients with emphysema will present with __ chest deformity form hyperinflation and increased compliance (poor elastic recoil)

barrel

what is the key sign that a patient may have emphysema

FEV1 is < 80% forced expiratory volume

at the end stages of emphysema ___ leads to pulmoanry artery hypertension which affects which side of the heart ?

hypoxemia (decreased O2 in the blood) and right side of the heart

there is going to be a ___ retention for patients with emphysema bc the right side of the heart is failing

Na (sodium)

what will be the difference on the xray finding with someone wiht emphysema

more ribs > 7

what is the reason to do purse lip breathing with pateints with COPD

it maintains intrabrinchial pressure and slows flow rate

if a pateint has excessive mucus production , cough with chronic sputum , cyanosis or polycythemia what disease may they have

chronic bronchitis

what does goblet and mucoid hyperplasia do

produces excessive mucus

someone with chronic bronchitis will have pulmonary hypertension whcih will lead to what ??

R ventricular failure and cause cor pulmonale , juglar vein distension and fluid retention "blue bloater"

airway obstruction causes an ___ in resistance

increase

when breathing rapidly , __ pressure is needed to overcome the resistance to flow and the volume of each breath gets ___

greater smaller

what is the causes of obstruction for asthma patient

reduced lumen of bronchi due to bronchospasm and increased bronchial wall thickness

what is a bronchospasm

smooth mm contraction of airways

if someone has an hyper inflated lungs what are 3 things that it can causes

air trapping difficult breathing reduced FEV1

pollen, animals , feather , mold and food are all what kind of triggers of asthma

extrinsic

what is bronchiectasis

dilation of the bronchial walls

what are the 3 types of bronchiectasis

cylindrical , varicose and saccular

what is restrictive disorders of the lung characterized by

reduction in vital capacity

what are the 5 things that are decreased with restrictive disorders

vital capacity residual volume functional residual capacity tidal volume total lung capacity

restrictive disorders can be pulmonary and is related to the lung themselves by what disease

pulmonary fibrosis

restrictive disorders can be extrapulmonary and is related to what

SCI

in RLD the compliance of the lung is ___, which increases the ___ of the lung and limits ____

reduced stiffness expansion

in RLD there is a ___ pressure required than normal to give the same increase in volume

greater

what are some acute pulmonary restrictive disorders

atelectasis pneumothorax pneumonias acute respiratory distress syndrome

someone with kyphosis or scoliosis may have a hard time ___ the ribs

expanding

pleural effusion , abdominal ascites and intrathoracic surgical implants are examples of what lung disorder

restrictive

what is a partial collapse of lung parenchyma (alveoli)

atelectasis

what type of ateletasis is alveolar collapse , perhaps related to surface tension changes

microactelectasis

what are some signs that may be included with a patient with microactelectasis

reduced chest wall excursion crackles bronchical sounds (consolidation) tracheal and mediastinal shift on xray

what are 2 disorders that can come after microactelectasis

respiratory distress syndrome L ventricular failure

when does obstructive atelectasis happen

when bronchus is totally occluded

obstructive atelectasis is when air __ to the obstruction is re absorbed by the ___

distal alveoli

obstructive actelectasis is usually associated with ___ shift towards the side of the lung collapse

tracheal

what is bronchial pneumonia usually caused by

staphlococcal or strep

what is lobar pneumonia usualt causes by

pneumococcus

what is the main difference with bronchial and lobar pneumonia

bronchial is little consoldiation and lobar is consolidation

what is the same with bronchial and lobar pneumonia

fever and SOB and coughing

which pneumonia produces large amaounts of sputum when they cough

bronchial

what will you see on xray for bronchial pneumonia

patchy infiltrates on xray