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KIN103 > Respiratory physiology > Flashcards

Respiratory physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Tidal volume of the lung

A

air displacement during normal breathing

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2
Q

what is the residual capacity of the lung

A

air that always remains in the lungs and prevents collapsing

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3
Q

what is the FRC of the lung

A

RV + ERV

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4
Q

What value is the same between the sexes when it comes to the lungs

A

Tidal vol

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5
Q

what is the vital capacity

A

air that can be moved in or out of the lung. ERV+ tidal vol+ IRV

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6
Q

When testing for pulmonary function, which factors must be factored or compared with other like people into the result

A

race, height, age and gender

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7
Q

What is the procedure for an FEV1 and FVC test

A

start at TLC and breath out as hard as possible for 6 seconds and finish as close to RV as possible.

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8
Q

FEV ratio is what

A

FEV1/FVC. and it should be around .78 for normal individuals

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9
Q

Obstructive lung diseases act by? what does this result in?

A

constricting the airway which reduces flow by increasing resistance. This is like breathing through a straw. The increased resistance makes exhalation more work and as a result, the tidal volume is shifted into the IRV or higher compared to normal.

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10
Q

restrictive lung diseases act by? what does this result in?

A

reducing total capacity of the lung by restricting the expansion of the lung. This results in the inhalation part of breathing requiring significantly more work than normal. The difficulty in breathing out also causes a shift in the tidal volume into the ERV or lower compared to normal.

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11
Q

What are the expected FEV1 and FVC values for a person with obstructive lung diseases

A

FEV1 is significantly smaller.
FVC is also slightly reduced

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12
Q

what are the expected FEV1 FVC values for a person with restrictive lung diseases

A

FVC is significantly reduced
FEV1 is also slightly reduced

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13
Q

if a person has obstructive lung diseases, how does their FVC/FEV ratio differ from normal?

A

it is below the lower limit of .70

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14
Q

if a person has restrictive lung diseases how does their FVC/FEV ratio differ from normal?

A

the ratio itself will be above the LLN but the FVC will be lower than the normal limit of 4L.

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15
Q

What are the FEV1 % of normal used for and what are the significant values.

A

it is used to classify the severity of COPD. Gold 1 or the lease severe is above 80% of predicted FEV1. Gold 4 or the most severe COPD is below 30% of predicted FEV1

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16
Q

what type of respiratory disease is Asthma

A

obstructive. airway constricted

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17
Q

what type of respiratory disease is COPD

A

obstructive. airway constricted

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18
Q

What are the symptoms and triggers of Asthma

A

bronchoconstriction, Dyspnea (shortness of breath). Attacks can occur from changes in temp, humidity and exercise.

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19
Q

Describe COPD and its components

A

2 components are Bronchitis and Emphysema

Bronchitis is the decrease in airflow from airway inflammation and excess mucus

Emphysema is the destruction of alveoli

COPD causes loss in lung tissue and especially elastin fibres which don’t allow the lung to recoil as much. this causes difficulty in effectively ventilating and external gas exchange.

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20
Q

Hyperpnea definition

A

increased respiratory rate and/or volume in response to increased metabolism (exercise)

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21
Q

hyperventilation definition

A

increased respiratory rate and/or volume without an increased metabolism (emotional events. etc)

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22
Q

hypoventilation definition

A

decreased alveolar ventilation.

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23
Q

tachypnea definition

A

increased respiratory rate and decreased breathing depth (panting)

24
Q

dyspnea

A

difficulty breathing

25
Q

apnea

A

stopping breathing

26
Q

quiet breathing characteristics

A

2s inspir 3s expir 12-15breath/min. Controlled by VRG

27
Q

which brain structures control ventilation

A

pons and medulla

28
Q

What groups are in the medulla and what are their purposes?

A

1) VRG
responsible for rhythm generation
contains the pre-botzinger complex or pacemaker
increases in activity during forced expiration
2) DRG
integrated input from peripheral chemoreceptors (in carotid arteries and aorta) and stretch receptors.
This info is then used to initiate and terminate inspiration for eupnea

29
Q

what groups are in the pons and what are their purposes

A

PRG
ensures a smooth transition from inspiration to expiration
it also fine tunes VRG rhythm during exercise.

30
Q

What neural systems can impact ventilation?

A

1) higher brain centres
specifically cerebral cortex and hypothalamus can alter rhythm.
this also allows conscious control of breathing.

2) limbic system
emotional responses

31
Q

when we exercise, how many times can our volume of air moved through the lungs increase?

A

25 times

32
Q

external and internal respiration are similar in what regards?

A

they both utilise diffusion and rely on concentration gradients to move materials.

33
Q

what does effective ventilation ensure?

A

ensures airflow to alveoli is enough to maintain PO2 and PCO2

34
Q

describe arterial blood partial pressures

A

100 mmHg PO2 less than or 40mmHg PCO2

35
Q

describe venous blood partial pressures

A

40 mmHg PO2 and more than or 46 mmHg PCO2

36
Q

what does the oxyhemoglobin saturation curve tell us about oxygen retention in the blood.

A

the saturation is relatively high until it reaches PO2 of 40 which is the tissues. this ensures that the oxygen is kept in the blood until it is ready to be used at the tissues. When it reaches PO2 40, it rapidly decreases which causes the unloading of O2 into the tissues that need it the most. The lower the PO2, the more O2 is released.

37
Q

What is the equation for alveolar ventilation

A

ventilation rate x (tidal vol - dead space) note: dead space is usually 150 ml

38
Q

which two variables determine the efficiency of breathing

A

depth and rate

39
Q

what usually is the main factor driving us to breath at rest

A

PaCO2 levels detected by chemoreceptors as a pH change in the CSF

note: PaCO2 levels don’t actually directly change too much due to carbonic acid buffering which convert CO2 into hydrogen ions

40
Q

why isn’t PaO2 the main value that drives us to breath

A

Usually under normal circumstances, PO2 levels will not drop low enough to drive an increase in ventilation

41
Q

where is the central chemoreceptor

A

CSF

42
Q

where are the peripheral chemoreceptors

A

Aortic arch and carotid arteries

43
Q

which muscles are involved in the inspiration part of ventilation

A

external intercostals, diaphragm, scalene and sternocleidomastoid muscles.

44
Q

which muscles are involved in the expiration part of ventilation

A

internal intercostals and abdominals.

45
Q

how does the CSF chemoreceptors detect changes in CO2 in the blood.

A

When PCO2 increases, it can cross the blood brain barrier and this causes it to react with water to form the bicarbonate buffer. This then triggers a proportional increase in H+ which is then detected by the central chemoreceptor.

46
Q

During moving of the body and exercise, what other variables other than PCO2 and PO2 levels influence regulation of ventilation.

A

Mechanoreceptors and proprioreceptors indicate to the respiratory control centre that it should increase ventilation. Temperature and some uncertain variables

47
Q

when exercise intensity increases, how does ventilation increase?

A

ventilation increases linearly (hypernea) up to a point (metabolic demands) which then it becomes a non-linear (hyperventilation) increase.(acidosis)

Hyperventilation because the increase in ventilation is not due to metabolic factors!!!

48
Q

When ventilation increases, how does tidal volume and ventilation rate increase?

A

Tidal volume increases to 60% of vital capacity and any further increases in ventilation are a result of ventilation rate.

49
Q

what happens to the oxyhemoglobin affinity chart during exercise?

A

the curve shifts to the right. this at the same PO2 at the tissues as before, now dumps more oxygen at the tissues for it to use. this shift in affinity is due to higher temps, decreased pH, more co2 and more 2,3 DPG (byproduct of RBC production).

50
Q

examining the ventilation rate of people with McArdle’s disease when they exercise indicates that…

A

Factors other than changes in blood gasses and pH are involved in increasing ventilation during exercise. The people with McArdle’s disease did not have an increase in pH as acidosis did not occur. in their case, pH and both blood gasses were kept constant during submax exercise.

51
Q

during eupnea, what is intrapleural pressure normal values

A

-3 to -6 mmHg

52
Q

What happens to the work of breathing when exercise intensity increases?

A

the work increases as well.

53
Q

how do SCBA (self contained breathing apparatus) increase the work of breathing?

A

During lower ventilation, the work is about the same however doing intensive exercise when ventilation increases, the work of breathing increases above normal.

54
Q

What is one way to mitigate the ventilation and VO2 max decreases when using a SCBA?

A

using a helium hyperoxia mix. The helium is a smaller particle than the nitrogen in normal air and as a result has less resistance when breathed in. the hyperoxia provides more oxygen to the lungs with each respiration.

using a just helium mix will restore ventilation but only partially for VO2 max

55
Q

How is an increase in ventilation when starting an exercise a feedforward response

A

it is because mechanoreceptors and proprioceptors signal to the respiratory control centre to increase ventilation even when metabolic demand has not actually be realised yet.

KIN103 (9 decks)

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