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KIN103 > immune system > Flashcards

immune system Flashcards

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1
Q

name the different types of WBC

A

lymphocytes
monocytes
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
dendritic cells

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2
Q

what are the three main functions of the immune system

A

recognise and remove abnormal cells

remove dead and damaged cells

protect body from pathogens

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3
Q

what 3 things can go wrong with the immune system

A

wrong response

overactive response

lack of response

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4
Q

what are the primary characteristics of viruses

A

non living. parasitic. inhibited with antiviral drugs

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5
Q

what are the primary characteristics of bacteria

A

cells with a cell wall. does not require a host. killed by antibiotics

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6
Q

what are the 2 bodily lines of defence against pathogens

A

1) barriers
-physical and chemical
2) immune response

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7
Q

what are the two anatomical components of the immune system

A

lymphoid tissues

immune cells (WBC)

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8
Q

what are the type types of lymphoid tissues

A

degree 1
-bone marrow and thymus
-responsible for formation and maturation

degree 2
-reside and respond to local issues
-lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils and GALT

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9
Q

what is the difference between encapsulated and diffuse lymphoid tissues

A

encapsulated are located around the body to form immune guard towers (lymph node)

diffuse are special structures located at vulnerabilities in the body’s defences (tonsils and GALT in digestive tract)

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10
Q

what are phagocytes

A

they eat other cells and pathogens

monocytes neutrophils and dendritic cells

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11
Q

what are the granulocytes

A

they contain granules in the cytoplasm

neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils

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12
Q

what is a cytotoxic cell

A

kills target cells

ex. eosinophils and some lymphocytes

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13
Q

what is an antigen presenting cell (APC)

A

presents parts of foreign proteins on surface

macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells, B lymphocytes

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14
Q

what do basophils do

A

they are also called mast cells

they release histamine which mediate inflammation

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15
Q

what do neutrophils do

A

ingest and destroy invaders

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16
Q

what do eosinophils do

A

destroy invaders. especially ones coated in antibodies

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17
Q

what do monocytes do

A

ingest and destroy invaders
they are also APC

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18
Q

What are B lymphocytes

A

this category includes plasma and memory cells. crucial for specific response

these are APCs

Plasma cells (effector cells) are responsible for creating antibodies

develop in Bone marrow

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19
Q

what are T lymphocytes

A

this category includes cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells.

they bind to cells that display foreign antigen fragments as part of a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

develop in Thymus gland

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20
Q

what is a cytotoxic T cell

A

induce apoptosis in cells it binds to

binds to cells the display an incorrect or lacking an MHC I

21
Q

what is a helper T cell

A

secrete cytokines when recognising MHC II on APC cells. attracts more immune cells

22
Q

what are natural killer cells

A

a type of lymphocyte that destroys viral cells by triggering apoptosis. Identifies them by the lack of MHC I. secretes anti viral cytokine (interferon).

23
Q

what are dendritic cells

A

immune cells that ingest and destroy invaders. they are also APC

24
Q

what is the difference between innate immunity and acquired immunity

A

innate is non specific

acquired is specific.

25
Q

what is the purpose of an APC or antibody

A

to facilitate an innate immune response

26
Q

what is the typical process for an innate immune response

A

leukocytes identify pathogens by their PAMP (pathogen associated molecular patterns)

Chemotaxins then draw in phagocytes (macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells

cytokines are also secreted to attract more leukocytes

27
Q

how does phagocytosis work

A

some pathogens are able to bind directly with receptors on a phagocyte. This means that they are recognised and destroyed without any assistance

some pathogens cannot be recognised and bound. these are required to be covered in antibodies that then allow binding to the phagocytosis

28
Q

what are the three roles of the inflammatory response

A

1) attracts more WBCs and chemical mediators to the site

2) physical barrier against spread of infections

3) promotes tissue repair

29
Q

how is an inflammatory response initiated

A

when macrophages release cytokines.

30
Q

what is an interleukin

A

cytokine signals that attract other leukocytes

31
Q

what is bradykinin

A

chemical that stimulates pain receptor and vasodilator

32
Q

what are complement proteins

A

act as opsonins, chemotaxins and membrane attack complex

33
Q

what are acute phase proteins

A

opsonins

34
Q

what is histamine

A

vasodilator (swelling)

bronchoconstrictor (congestion)

released by basophils and mast cells

35
Q

what is a lymphocyte clone

A

a lymphocyte group that binds to a specific ligand by all having the same antibody fragment on the surface.

36
Q

what is a naive lymphocytes

A

unactivated lymphocyte clones.

ones inherited at birth are insufficient to fight off pathogens

37
Q

what happens when a naive lymphocyte is exposed to an antigen.

A

It reproduces (clonal expansion) into both effector and memory cells.

38
Q

what happens when effector cells encounter a pathogen

A

differentiate into plasma cells and secrete antibodies for several days then die

39
Q

what are immunoglobulins

A

antibodies.

40
Q

what portions of the antibody determine the specificity

A

Fab region or the forks

41
Q

what portions of the antibody determines the Ig class

A

the FC region or the handle of the fork

42
Q

what are Ig classes

A

Ig (5) classes are types of antibodies

classes determine the different functions and sites

43
Q

what is the mechanism behind a vaccination

A

artificial and relatively safe exposure to pathogen to help increase the memory cells available to fight off the actual infection

44
Q

what is a MHC

A

a major histocompatibility complex is a structure on a cell membrane that helps the immune system identity the body’s own cells

45
Q

what is MHC class I

A

present on all healthy cells belonging to the body. lack recognised by NK cells and cytotoxic T

46
Q

what is MHC class II

A

is presented by APC cells. recognised by helper T cells which then secrete cytokines

47
Q

how does stress alter immune system function

A

increased stress and the subsequent release of cortisol levels suppress the immune system

48
Q

How does differing intensities of exercise impact the immune system funtioning

A

moderate improves immune function but strenuous suppresses immune function but this effect is temporary and there is evidence that the low generated by exercise is beneficial to immune surveillance and regulation.

49
Q

what are the 6 functions of antibodies

A

1) activate B lymphocytes
2) opsonin or tagging for phagocytosis
3)antigen clumping and neutralisation of pathogens receptor cites
4) activate antibody dependant cellular activity (target for eosinophils and NK cells)
5) activate complements
6)trigger mast cell degranulation (histamine release)

KIN103 (9 decks)

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