metabolism and energy balance Flashcards
how must glucose be processed before it can be used for energy
glucose transformed into pyruvate by glycolysis then into a one way conversion to acetyl CoA and then into the citric acid cycle
how must fats be processed to be used as energy
beta oxidation turns it into acetyl CoA and then into the citric acid cycle
how is glycogen stored in the body
skeletal muscle and liver
how are TAG (triacylglycerides) stored in the body
as adipose tissue
what is the process where TAG are converted into acetyl CoA
lipolysis
what is the process where non carbohydrate precursor is transformed into glucose
gluconeogenesis
what is the process where glycogen is transformed into pyruvate
glycogenolysis
all processes in the metabolism chart are reversible except which one.
pyruvate –> acetyl CoA
what fuels can the brain utilise
glucose primarily and ketone bodies
what are ketone bodies
products from acetyl CoA that can sustain the brain when glucose is not available. they are not as effective as glucose
what is the primary energy output of the human body
heat and work
what are the two theories for food intake regulation
glycostatic theory and lipostatic theory
what is glycostatic theory
glucose metabolism by hypothalamic centres regulates food intake
lipostatic theory
signals from fat stores send signals which change eating behaviour to maintain a weight
what are nutrient pools
nutrients available for immediate use in the plasma
what happens to excess glucose
store as muscle or liver glycogen or converted to fat
how much ATP can be produced from glucose or glycogen
2 from glucose
3 from glycogen
how much ATP is produced from a fatty acid
6-7 times the ATP of glycogen or glucose
what is the citric acid cycle
takes acetyl CoA and generates electron donors for Oxidative phosphorylation
what is oxidative phosphorylation
when oxygen is used to synthesise ATP
What is ketoacidosis
too many ketone bodies causes an acid pH disturbance
when is CO2 produced in energy production
with acetyl CoA and in the citric acid cycle
what is fed state metabolism
it is when nutrients are used for energy, synthesis and storage
what is fasted state metabolism
glycogen undergoes glycogenolysis back into glucose. Proteins and fats are converted into ATP. Excess acetyl CoA become ketone bodies
