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KIN103 > endocrine system > Flashcards

endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the purpose of the endocrine system

A

maintain homeostasis

integrate nervous and immune systems with other bodily systems

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2
Q

what are the 3 types of endocrine pathologies

A

hypersecretion, hypo secretion, receptor or secondary messenger defects

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3
Q

what do hormones control

A

growth and development
metabolism
internal environment regulation (water, ions, electrolytes, temp)
reproduction

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4
Q

how to hormones act on targets

A

alter rate of enzymatic reactions

transport of molecules across cell membranes

gene expression, protein synthesis

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5
Q

what can hormone solubility determine

A

receptor location

transportation in plasma

length of actions

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6
Q

what type of hormones are lipid soluble

A

steroids, thyroid amines

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7
Q

what physical feature of a molecule indicates that it is a steroid

A

benzine ring (circle inside a hexagon)

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8
Q

Where are steroid receptors usually located

A

cytoplasm, nucleus

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9
Q

describe peptide hormone synthesis and storage

A

made in advance, stored in secretory tissues

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10
Q

describe steroid hormone synthesis and storage

A

synthesised on demand at the adrenal cortex

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11
Q

how are amine hormones synthesised and stored

A

synthesised in the adrenal medulla and stored in secretory vesicles

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12
Q

If a hormone is lipid insoluble how does it move in the blood

A

dissolved in plasma

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13
Q

if a hormone is lipid soluble how does it move in the blood

A

bound to protein carrier molecules

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14
Q

if a hormone is lipid soluble, what is its half life relative to other hormones?

A

long

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15
Q

if a hormone is lipid insoluble, what is its half life relative to other hormones

A

short

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16
Q

what do lipid insoluble hormones require to act on a target cell

A

surface receptors+secondary messengers

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17
Q

which is the most common type of hormone

A

proteins/peptides

18
Q

what does a peptide hormone require to be released from the secretory vesicle

A

release signal

19
Q

how and where (specific structures) are peptide hormones synthesised and stored

A

the peptide is first synthesised by the ribosomes in the rough ER into the form of a preprohormone. Enzymes in the rough ER then chop off the signal sequence which transforms the preprohormone into a prohormone. The prohormone is then transported to the Golgi complex where more enzymes chop off peptide fragments off of the pro hormone transforming it into the final active hormone. Both fragments and the active hormone are then stored in an excretory vesicle ready to be released.

20
Q

do hormones create a 1-1 effect on the target cells that it attaches to? why

A

no. Secondary messengers amplify the effect of hormones.

21
Q

what type of hormone is insulin and what does it do

A

it is a peptide hormone that signals for cells to take up glucose in the blood as well as inhibiting fat breakdown

22
Q

what is glucagon and what type of hormone is it

A

is is a peptide hormone that signals for cells to release internal glucose stores into the blood stream.

23
Q

What is the importance of the glycemic index of a food

A

it indicates how quickly and severe the blood glucose increase from eating it is.

24
Q

what tissues synthesise protein hormones

A

many tissues

25
Q

what tissues synthesise steroids

A

adrenal cortex (outer), gonad, placenta

26
Q

why aren’t steroids stored?

A

they are lipophilic. They cannot be contained by cells or vesicles.

27
Q

what are all steroids synthesised from

A

cholesterol

28
Q

what DHT synthesised from

A

testosterone through the enzyme 5alpha- reductase

29
Q

how do steroids create rapid cellular responses

A

using membrane receptors

30
Q

what are amino acid hormones made from

A

tryptophan for catecholamines

31
Q

what is the difference between epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

epinephrine is a neurohormone
norepinephrine is a NT

32
Q

what are the types of neurohormones

A

catecholamines, posterior pituitary hormones, hypothalamic neurohormones (RH)

33
Q

What is a neurohormone

A

hormone secreted into bloodstream by neuron.

34
Q

What does the posterior pituitary gland store and release. Where are these neurohormones created

A

vasopressin (ADH) and oxytocin. they are created by the hypothalamus.

35
Q

how are neurohormones transported from hypothalamus to posterior pituitary gland.

A

the hormones are created and packaged in the neuron cell body which is located in the hypothalamus. The vesicles are then transported to the posterior pituitary where they are stored for release.

36
Q

what is the anterior pituitary and what does it do

A

It is the true gland of the pituitary because it has endocrine cells that create peptide hormones. It releases 6 hormones including ACTH (adrenocorticotropin), LH and FSH.

37
Q

what is the difference between long and short loop feedback in the endocrine and nervous system

A

long loop is when the final hormone inhibits the producers of its own trophic hormones. Cortisol is an example. This is the most dominant feedback mechanism

short loop is when a trophic hormone inhibits the production of a previous trophic hormone. this is a secondary feedback mechanism

38
Q

what are the three types of hormone interactions

A

synergism, permissiveness, antagonism

39
Q

what is hormone synergism

A

the effect of the interacting hormones is greater than their combined sum

40
Q

what is hormone permissiveness

A

a hormone enables another hormone to act using its full effect

41
Q

describe antagonistic hormone interactions

A

hormones have opposite functions

KIN103 (9 decks)

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