reproductive system

Question 1

how many chromosomes do cells have

Answer 1

22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosoddfsmes (allosomes)

Question 2

What is a Barr body

Answer 2

one of the x chromosomes in a woman is inactivated and forms a darkly stained body attached to the nuclear membrane

Question 3

when do sex differences appear in an embryo and what are those differences.

Answer 3

after 8 weeks, males will develop the wolffian ducts which is driven by the SRY gene from the Y chromosome

females will develop the mullerian ducts (AMH) absent

Question 4

which structures develop into the sex organs

Answer 4

the gonadal cortex forms the ovaries
the gonadal medulla forms the testes

Question 5

why does the wolffian duct regress in females

Answer 5

testosterone absent

Question 6

why does the mullerian duct regress in males

Answer 6

AMH is present. AMH is developed from the SRY gene

Question 7

what is CAIS

Answer 7

complete androgen insensitivity in a male sex embryo prevents the development of male physical features despite adequate testosterone levels. This results in pseudohermaphrodism.

Question 8

what is 5 alpha reductase pseudohermaphrodism

Answer 8

5 alpha reductase is the hormone involved in synthesising DHT from testosterone. DHT is responsible for developing the external male genitalia. If there is no enzyme then there can be no external male genitalia.

Question 9

which enzyme converted androgens to estrogens

Answer 9

aromatase

Question 10

what gonads will form if SRY gene is absent

Answer 10

ovaries

Question 11

what are secondary sex characteristic and what hormone influences the development of them

Answer 11

differentiate males from females. other than primary sex characteristics
body shape, muscle mass, voice, hair

androgens

Question 12

what significant events occur during puberty

Answer 12

pulsatile secretion of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

further sexual differentiation.

Question 13

how does the brain direct reproduction

Answer 13

hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland work together to secrete releasing hormones which control the release of steroid sex hormones from the gonads.

GnRH –> (FSH, LH) –>steroid sex hormones (testosterone, estrogen, progesterone)

Question 14

True or False: both sexes produce androgens and estrogens

Answer 14

true

Question 15

which structures produce sex steroids

Answer 15

gonads and adrenal gland

Question 16

what does FSH do

Answer 16

gamete production and development

Question 17

what does LH do.

Answer 17

synthesis and release of steroid and peptide hormones.

and gamete production in females

Question 18

what type of feedback does low levels of estrogen produce on its trophic hormones

Answer 18

negative

Question 19

what type of feedback does high levels of estrogen produce.

Answer 19

postive

Question 20

what hormonal event causes ovulation

Answer 20

LH surge and as a result higher estrogen and progesterone

Question 21

what does the follicle secrete that prevents more follicles from developing

Answer 21

AMH

Question 22

what is the corpus luteum and what does it do

Answer 22

it is the remainder of the follicle after ovulation. It secretes inhibin, progesterone, estrogen

Question 23

what factors can disrupt reproductive function in women

Answer 23

stress
nutrition
changes to day night cycle
melatonin (seasonal breeding hormone)
environmental estrogen exposure

Question 24

what differences to the female reproductive cycle can an athlete expect

Answer 24

delayed onset of puberty (primary amenorrhea)
variable menstrual cycle

Question 25

what is menorrhea

Answer 25

the flow of blood at menstruation

Question 26

what is oligomenorrhoea

Answer 26

infrequent or light menstrual cycles

Question 27

what is amenorrhea

Answer 27

absence of menstruation

Question 28

what is the female athlete triad

Answer 28

common health risks for female athletes

1) disordered eating or REDS (relative energy deficiency in sport)
2) menstrual dysfunction
3) osteoporosis