How does Vd affect the PaCO2 - EtCO2 gradient? respiratory physiology

increased Vd = increased gradient lesson 2 flashcard

Define alveolar ventilation. respiratory physiology

(Vt - Vd) x RR lesson 2 flashcard

Define anatomic dead space respiratory physiology

air confined to the conducting airways lesson 3 flashcard

Define alveolar dead space respiratory physiology

alveoli that are ventilated but not perfused lesson 3 flashcard

Define physiologic dead space respiratory physiology

anatomic dead space + alveolar dead space lesson 3 flashcard

Define apparatus dead space respiratory physiology

dead space added by equipment lesson 3 flashcard

Factors that decrease dead space respiratory physiology

neck flexion tracheostomy trendelenberg supine LMA ETT lesson 3 flaschard

What process reduces pulmonary blood flow to zone 3? respiratory physiology

hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction lesson 5 flashcard

The tendency of an alveolus to collapse is directly proportional to ____. respiratory physiology

surface tension lesson 6 flashcard

Respiratory Physiology (1.2) Flashcards by Kelly K

Anatomic dead space begins in the mouth and ends in the:
a. small airways
b. terminal bronchioles
c. respiratory bronchioles
d. alveolar ducts

respiratory physiology

b. terminal bronchioles

pre-lesson Q1

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What is the primary determinant of carbon dioxide elimination?
a. Minute ventilation
b. Tidal volume
c. Alveolar ventilation
d. Respiratory rate

respiratory physiology

C. alveolar ventilation

pre-lesson Q2

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Which conditions will most likely increase the PaCO2 to EtCO2 gradient? (3)
a. PPV
b. LMA
c. HOTN
d. ETT
e. neck flexion
f. atropine

respiratory physiology

a. PPV
c. HOTN
f. atropine

conditions that increase deadspace also increase conducting zone volume

pre-lesson Q3

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A patient is in the sitting position. When compared to the apex of the lung, which of the following are higher in the base? (2)
a. blood flow
b. partial pressure of alveolar O2
c. V/Q ratio
d. partial pressure of alveolar CO2

respiratory physiology

a. blood flow
d. partial pressure of alveolar CO2

dependent region has a higher PaCO2 and lower V/Q ratio

pre-lesson Q4

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Identify the statements that represent the most accurate understanding of V/Q mismatch. (2)
a. bronchioles constrict to minimize zone 1
b. the A-a gradient is usually small
c. blood passing through underventilated alveoli tends to retain CO2
d. hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction minimizes dead space

respiratory physiology

a. bronchioles constrict to minimize zone 1
c. blood passing through underventilated alveoli tend to retain CO2

pre-lesson Q5

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Variables described by the law of Laplace include all of the following except:
a. tension
b. pressure
c. radius
d. density

respiratory physiology

d. density

Pressure = 2xTension / Radius

pre-lesson Q6

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Select the correct statements regarding the West zones of the lung. (3)
a. in zone 3, alveolar pressure exceeds venous pressure
b. in zone 1, alveolar pressure is higher than arterial pressure
c. in zone 2, venous pressure is higher than alveolar pressure
d. in zone 2, ventilation is greater than perfusion
e. in zone 1, there is no pulmonary blood flow
f. in zone 3, pulmonary blood flow is proportional to the arterial-to-venous pressure gradient

respiratory physiology

b. in zone 1 alveolar pressure is higher than arterial pressure
e. in zone 1, there is no pulmonary blood flow
f. in zone 3, pulmonary blood flow is proportional to the arterial-to-venous pressure gradient

pre-lesson Q7

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Causes of an increased A-a gradient include: (2)
a. hypoventilation
b. V/Q mismatch
c. hypoxic mixture
d. diffusion limitation

respiratory physiology

b. V/Q mismatch
d. diffusion limitation

A-a gradient normal in hypoxic mixture and hypoventilation

pre-lesson Q9

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Which conditions reduce functional residual capacity? (2)
a. advanced age
b. pulmonary edema
c. COPD
d. obesity

respiratory physiology

b. pulmonary edema
d. obesity

increased in COPD & advanced age

pre-lesson Q11

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Closing capacity is the sum of the closing volume and:
a. residual volume
b. expiratory reserve volume
c. functional residual capacity
d. tidal volume

respiratory physiology

a. residual volume

pre-lesson Q12

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P50 is reduced by: (3)
a. hgb F
b. hyperthermia
c. hypocarbia
d. increased 2,3 DPG
e. acidosis
f. carboxyhemoglobin

respiratory physiology

a. hgb F
c. hypocarbia
f. carboxyhemoglobin

left shift of oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve (left=love)

pre-lesson Q14

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Identify the statement that best describes aerobic metabolism.
a. NADH is the final electron acceptor during electron transport
b. 1 molecule of glucose converts to 38 molecules ATP
c. pyruvic acid is converted to lactate
d. electron transport occurs in the cytoplasm

respiratory physiology

b. 1 molecule of glucose converts to 38 molecules of ATP

pre-lesson Q15

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Importation of the which ion maintains electroneutrality during the Hamburger shift?

respiratory physiology

chloride

pre-lesson Q16

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The Haldane effect states that in the presence of deoxygenated hemoglobin, the carbon dioxide dissociation curve shifts:
a. to the right
b. to the left
c. up
d. down

respiratory physiology

b. to the left

pre-lesson Q17

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Consequences of hypercapnia include: (2)
a. hypokalemia
b. increased myocardial oxygen demand
c. increased oxygen carrying capacity
d. hypoxemia

respiratory physiology

b. increased myocardial oxygen demand
d. hypoxemia

pre-lesson Q18

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Which conditions increase minute ventilation for a given PaCO2? (3)
a. surgical stimulation
b. salicylates
c. hypoxemia
d. sevoflurane
e. carotid endarterectomy
f. respiratory alkalosis

respiratory physiology

a. surgical stimulation
b. salicylates
c. hypoxemia

left shift means that the resp. center is more sensitive to CO2

pre-lesson Q19

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What is the pacemaker for normal breathing?
a. pneumotaxic center
b. apneustic center
c. dorsal respiratory center
d. ventral respiratory center

respiratory physiology

c. dorsal respiratory center

pre-lesson Q20

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The central chemoreceptor:
a. is located on the dorsal surface of the medulla
b. responds to PaCO2 and PaO2
c. is stimulated by pH changes in the CSF
d. is acutely affected by bicarbonate in the serum

respiratory physiology

c. is stimulated by pH changes in the CSF

pre-lesson Q21

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Select the statements that best describe the carotid chemoreceptors. (2)
a. they are more sensitive to SaO2 than PaO2
b. Hering’s nerve is part of the afferent limb
c. they are more sensitive after carotid endarterectomy
d. Type 1 Glomus cells mediate hypoxic ventilatory drive

respiratory physiology

b. Hering’s nerve is part of the afferent limb
d. Type 1 Glomus cells mediate hypoxic ventilatory drive

pre-lesson Q22

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Which reflex prevents alveolar overdistention?
a. Hering-Breuer deflation reflex
b. Paradoxical reflex of Head
c. Hering-Breuer inflation reflex
d. Pulmonary chemoreceptor

respiratory physiology

c. Hering-Breuer inflation reflex

pre-lesson Q23

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Which agent is most likely to increase intrapulmonary shunt?
a. etomidate
b. ketamine
c. desflurane
d. propofol

respiratory physiology

c. desflurane

-halogenated impair HPV, inc. shunt, dec. PaO2
-IV agents preserve HPV

pre-lesson Q24

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Muscles of inspiration

respiratory physiology

diaphragm
external intercostals
SCM
scalenes

lesson 1

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Muscles of expiration

respiratory physiology

internal intercostals
obliques
transverse & rectus abdominis

lesson 1

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Deadspace anatomy

respiratory physiology

trachea
bronchus
terminal bronchioles

lesson 1

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Gas exchange anatomy ## Footnote respiratory physiology

alveolar ducts alveolar sacs respiratory bronchioles ## Footnote lesson 1

How does Vd affect the PaCO2 - EtCO2 gradient? ## Footnote respiratory physiology

increased Vd = increased gradient ## Footnote lesson 2 flashcard

Define minute ventilation. ## Footnote respiratory physiology

Vt x RR ## Footnote lesson 2 flashcard

Define alveolar ventilation. ## Footnote respiratory physiology

(Vt - Vd) x RR ## Footnote lesson 2 flashcard

Deadspace amount in a healthy patient ## Footnote respiratory physiology

2 mL/kg ## Footnote lesson 3

Define anatomic dead space ## Footnote respiratory physiology

air confined to the conducting airways ## Footnote lesson 3 flashcard

Define alveolar dead space ## Footnote respiratory physiology

alveoli that are ventilated but not perfused ## Footnote lesson 3 flashcard

Define physiologic dead space ## Footnote respiratory physiology

anatomic dead space + alveolar dead space ## Footnote lesson 3 flashcard

Define apparatus dead space ## Footnote respiratory physiology

dead space added by equipment ## Footnote lesson 3 flashcard

What is the normal Vd/Vt ratio? ## Footnote respiratory physiology

33% (Vd/Vt) ## Footnote lesson 3 flashcard

Factors that increase dead space ## Footnote respiratory physiology

neck extension PPV atropine sitting position pulmonary embolism old age face mask HME COPD decreased CO ## Footnote lesson 3 flashcard

Factors that decrease dead space ## Footnote respiratory physiology

neck flexion tracheostomy trendelenberg supine LMA ETT ## Footnote lesson 3 flaschard

Tidal volume normal ## Footnote respiratory physiology

6-8 mL/kg ## Footnote lesson

Vital Capacity ## Footnote respiratory physiology

65-75 mL/kg IRV + TV + ERV

Vital Capacity ## Footnote respiratory physiology

65-75 mL/kg IRV + TV + ERV

Functional Residual Capacity ## Footnote respiratory physiology

35 mL/kg ERV + RV

Conditions causing air trapping and effects on RV, CC, and TLC ## Footnote respiratory physiology

Obstructive (asthma, emphysema, bronchitis) Increased

Factors that decrease P50 ## Footnote respiratory physiology

Level of the lungs Hypocarbia Hgb F Hgb Met Hgb CO Increased pH Decreased temperature Decreased 2,3 DPG Decreased H+

Factors that increase P50 ## Footnote respiratory physiology

Metabolically active tissue Increased temperature Increased 2,3 DPG Increased CO Increased H+ Decreased pH

____ is greatet in the lung based due to higher alveolar compliance. ## Footnote respiratory physiology

ventilation ## Footnote lesson 4 flashcard

____ is greatest in the lung base due to gravity. ## Footnote respiratory physiology

perfusion ## Footnote lesson 4 flashcard

The region of the lung with the highest compliance is the lung ____. ## Footnote respiratory physiology

base ## Footnote lesson 4 flashcard

Define V/Q = infinity ## Footnote respiratory physiology

deadspace ## Footnote lesson 5 flashcard

Define V/Q = 0 ## Footnote respiratory physiology

shunt ## Footnote lesson 5 flashcard

What process reduces pulmonary blood flow to zone 3? ## Footnote respiratory physiology

hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction ## Footnote lesson 5 flashcard

The tendency of an alveolus to collapse is directly proportional to ____. ## Footnote respiratory physiology

surface tension ## Footnote lesson 6 flashcard

The tendency of an alveolus to collapse is inversely proportional to ____. ## Footnote respiratory physiology

radius ## Footnote lesson 6 flashcard

Which lung cells produce surfactant? ## Footnote respiratory physiology

2 ## Footnote lesson 6 flashcard

Zone 1 classification: equation: ## Footnote respiratory physiology

dead space PA > Pa > Pv V/Q = infinity | increased by hypotension, PE, excessive airway pressure ## Footnote lesson 7

Zone 2 classification: equation: ## Footnote respiratory physiology

waterfall Pa > PA > Pv V/Q = 1 ## Footnote lesson 7

Zone 3 classification: equation: ## Footnote respiratory physiology

shunt Pa > Pv > PA V/Q = 0 ## Footnote lesson 7

Zone 4 classification: equation: ## Footnote respiratory physiology

pulmonary edema Pa > Pist > Pv > PA ## Footnote lesson 7

Lung volumes measured by spirometry ## Footnote respiratory physiology

tidal volume expiratory reserve volume inspiratory reserve volume vital capacity inspiratory capacity ## Footnote lesson 10 flashcard

Factors that increase FRC ## Footnote respiratory physiology

sitting PEEP prone COPD sigh breaths advanced age ## Footnote lesson 11 flashcard

Factors that decrease FRC ## Footnote respiratory physiology

obesity high FiO2 lithotomy general anesthesia light anesthesia trendelenberg reduced pulmonary compliance supine position neonate pregnancy excessive IVF NMBs ## Footnote lesson 11 flashcard

List 6 factors that increase the closing volume. ## Footnote respiratory physiology

1. COPD 2. LV failure 3. obesity 4. surgery 5. extremes of age 6. pregnancy ## Footnote lesson 12 flashcard

How does increased closing capacity relative to FRC affect oxygenation? ## Footnote respiratory physiology

anything that decreases FRC relative to CC or anything that increases CC relative to FRC will convert normal V/Q units to low V/Q units or shunt units ## Footnote lesson 12 flashcard

At what age does closing capacity approximate FRC under general anesthesia? ## Footnote respiratory physiology

30 years of age ## Footnote lesson 12 flashcard

At what age does closing capacity approximate FRC under when standing? ## Footnote respiratory physiology

66 years of age ## Footnote lesson 12 flashcard

Factors that cause a left shift of the O2 dissociation curve | increased affinity for O2 ## Footnote respiratory physiology

dec. temperature dec. 2,3-DPG dec. CO2 dec. hydrogen ions inc. pH inc. HgbMet inc. HgbCO inc. Hgb F | left = love ## Footnote lesson 14 flashcard

Factors that cause a right shift of the O2 dissociation curve | decreased affinity for O2 ## Footnote respiratory physiology

inc. temperature inc. 2,3-DPG inc. CO2 inc. hydrogen ions dec. pH | right = release ## Footnote lesson 14 flashcard

What is the primary goal of glycolysis? ## Footnote respiratory physiology

to convert 1 glucose to 2 pyruvic acid molecules ## Footnote lesson 15 flashcard

What is the primary goal of the Krebs cycle? ## Footnote respiratory physiology

to produce a large quantity of H+ ions in the form of NADH to be used in electron transport ## Footnote lesson 15 flashcard

What is the primary goal of electron transport? ## Footnote respiratory physiology

to produce a lot of ATP (energy) ## Footnote lesson 15 flashcard

How many ATP are produced by glycolysis? ## Footnote respiratory physiology

net gain = 2 ATP ## Footnote lesson 15 flashcard

How many ATP are produced by Krebs cycle? ## Footnote respiratory physiology

net gain = 2 ATP ## Footnote lesson 15 flashcard

How many ATP are produced by electron transport? ## Footnote respiratory physiology

net gain = 34 ATP ## Footnote lesson 15 flashcard

What is the Bohr effect? ## Footnote respiratory physiology

-describes oxygen carriage -CO2 and decreased pH cause the erythrocyte to release oxygen ## Footnote lesson 17 flashcard

What is the Haldane effect? ## Footnote respiratory physiology

-describes CO2 carriage -oxygen causes the erythrocyte to release CO2 ## Footnote lesson 17 flashcard

How does oxygenated Hgb shift the CO2 dissociation curve? ## Footnote respiratory physiology

right shift | blood can hold less CO2 ## Footnote lesson 17 flashcard

How does deoxygenated Hgb shift the CO2 dissociation curve? ## Footnote respiratory physiology

left shift | blood can hold more CO2 ## Footnote lesson 17 flashcard

Where in the body is the CO2 dissociation curve right-shifted? ## Footnote respiratory physiology

the lungs | this facilitates CO2 eliminiation ## Footnote lesson 17 flashcard

Where in the body is the CO2 dissociated curve left-shifted? ## Footnote respiratory physiology

the systemic capillaries | this facilitates CO2 loading and transport of Hgb ## Footnote lesson 17 flashcard

Factors that shift the CO2 response curve to the left. ## Footnote respiratory physiology

increased ICP anxiety aminophylline surgical stimulation metabolic acidosis salicylates doxapram hypoxemia ## Footnote lesson 19 flashcard

Factors that shift the CO2 response curve to the right. ## Footnote respiratory physiology

remifentanil volatile anesthetics carotid endarterectomy metabolic alkalosis rocuronium natural sleep ## Footnote lesson 19 flashcard

Dorsal respiratory group function ## Footnote respiratory physiology

causes inspiration | respiratory pacemaker ## Footnote lesson 20 flashcard

Ventral respiratory group function ## Footnote respiratory physiology

primarily responsible for expiration ## Footnote lesson 20 flashcard

Pneumotaxic center function ## Footnote respiratory physiology

inhibits the DRG | inhibits the pacemaker ## Footnote lesson 20 flashcard

Apneustic center function ## Footnote respiratory physiology

stimulates the DRG | stimulates the pacemaker ## Footnote lesson 20 flashcard

Dorsal respiratory group location ## Footnote respiratory physiology

medulla (nucleus tractus solitarius) ## Footnote lesson 20 flashcard

Ventral respiratory group location ## Footnote respiratory physiology

medulla (nucleus ambiguous & nucleus retroambiguous) ## Footnote lesson 20 flashcard

Pneumotaxic center location ## Footnote respiratory physiology

upper pons ## Footnote lesson 20 flashcard

Apneustic center location ## Footnote respiratory physiology

lower pons ## Footnote lesson 20 flashcard

Can CO2 or H+ diffuse through the BBB? ## Footnote respiratory physiology

CO2 can but H+ cannot ## Footnote lesson 21 flashcard

What is the primary stimulus at the central chemoreceptor? ## Footnote respiratory physiology

H+ ## Footnote lesson 21 flashcard

If H+ can't pass through the BBB, how does it stimulate the central chemoreceptor? ## Footnote respiratory physiology

CO2 diffuses across the BBB, then it spontaneously combines with H2O to become H+ and HCO3- ## Footnote lesson 21 flashcard

Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors located? ## Footnote respiratory physiology

carotid bodies and transverse aortic arch ## Footnote lesson 22 flashcard

How do the carotid bodies respond to oxygen? ## Footnote respiratory physiology

they increase minute ventilation when the PaO2 drops below 60 mmHg | do not respond to SaO2 or CaCO2 ## Footnote lesson 22 flashcard

Name one surgical procedure that impairs the hypoxic ventilatory response. ## Footnote respiratory physiology

carotid endarterectomy ## Footnote lesson 22 flashcard

List 2 conditions that affect tissue oxygenation that do not impair the hypoxic ventilatory response. ## Footnote respiratory physiology

anemia carbon monoxide poisoning ## Footnote lesson 22 flashcard

Hering-Breuer Inflation Reflex ## Footnote respiratory physiology

lung inflation > 1.5L above FRC = turns off dorsal respiratory center | not active during normal inspiration ## Footnote lesson 23

Hering-Breuer Deflation Reflex ## Footnote respiratory physiology

when lung volume is too small = stimulates patient to take a deep breath to prevent atelectasis ## Footnote lesson 23

Paradoxical Reflex of Head ## Footnote respiratory physiology

causes a newborn baby to take their first breath ## Footnote lesson 23

Factors that impair HPV ## Footnote respiratory physiology

PDE inhibitors volatile anesthetics >1.5 MAC hypervolemia vasodilators excessive PEEP | IV anesthetics DO NOT affect HPV ## Footnote lesson 24

Calculate oxygen delivery (mL O2/min): Hgb 7 g/dL SaO2 100% PaO2 154 mmHg Constant 1.34 CO 9 L/min ## Footnote respiratory physiology

885.78 | DO2 = (Hgb x SaO2 x 1.34) + (PaO2 x 0.003) x CO x 10 ## Footnote post lesson quiz

A patient with congestive heart failure assumes the sitting position. Which factor will lower in the apex of the lung compared to the base of the lung? a. V/Q ratio b. PACO2 c. alveolar oxygen d. dead space ## Footnote respiratory physiology

PACO2 | higher V/Q ratio, less blood flow to bring CO2 to alveoli ## Footnote post lesson quiz

Which factors increase the PaCO2-EtCo2 gradient? (Select 2) a. hemorrhage b. amniotic fluid embolism c. tracheostomy d. trendelenburg position ## Footnote respiratory physiology

a. hemorrhage b. amniotic fluid embolism | increased dead space ## Footnote post lesson quiz

Which conditions increase P50? (Select 2) a. sepsis b. deep circulatory hypothermic circulatory arrest c. thyrotoxicosis d. smoke inhalation injury ## Footnote respiratory physiology

a. sepsis c. thyrotoxicosis | oxyhemoglobin curve shift to the right ## Footnote post lesson quiz

Which conditions fail to activate the hypoxic ventilatory response in the setting of a decreased oxygen-carrying capacity? (Select 2) a. pulmonary fibrosis b. carbon monoxide poisoning c. congestive heart failure d. anemia ## Footnote respiratory physiology

b. carbon monoxide poisoning d. anemia ## Footnote post lesson quiz

Which drugs are most likely to promote hypoxemia during one-lung ventilation in the lateral decubitus positions? (Select 2) a. propofol b. fentanyl c. sodium nitroprusside d. desflurane ## Footnote respiratory physiology

c. sodium nitroprusside d. desflurane ## Footnote post lesson quiz

A patient presents with shortness of breath. Laboratory values include PAO2 98 mmHg, PaO2 68 mmHg, PaCO2 37 mmHg, and HCO3 24 mEq/L. Supplemental oxygen fails to improve the patient's oxygenation. What is the most likely etiology of this patient's hypoxemia? a. pulmonary fibrosis b. opioid overdose c. anemia d. right-to-left cardiac shunt ## Footnote respiratory physiology

right-to-left cardiac shunt | true shunt units will not respond to supplemental O2 ## Footnote post lesson quiz

Which physiologic process improves V/Q matching by reducing pulmonary blood flow to West Zone 3? a. Bohr effect b. bronchiolar constriction c. hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction d. Haldane effect ## Footnote respiratory physiology

c. hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction ## Footnote post lesson quiz

Which lung volumes correlates with the point where dynamic compression of the airways begins? a. tidal volume b. closing volume c. expiratory reserve volume d. residual volume ## Footnote respiratory physiology

b. closing volume ## Footnote post lesson quiz

Which electrolyte abnormality is most likely to occur in the setting of acute respiratory acidosis? a. hyponatremia b. hyperchloremia c. hypocalcemia d. hyperkalemia ## Footnote respiratory physiology

d. hyperkalemia | activated H+/K+ pump to buffer CO2 in exchange for releasing K+ ## Footnote post lesson quiz

What is the most common etiology of hypoxemia in the PACU? a. left-to-right shunt b. hypoxic mixture c. ventilation/perfusion mismatch d. diffusion limitation ## Footnote respiratory physiology

c. ventilation/perfusion mismatch ## Footnote review exam

Intrapleural pressure becomes positive during: a. forced exhalation b. end-expiration c. maximum inspiration d. end-inspiration ## Footnote respiratory physiology

a. forced exhalation ## Footnote review exam

Which muscle(s) provide the most significant contribution to forced exhalation? a. rectus abdominis b. sternocleidomastoids c. diaphragm d. internal intercostals ## Footnote respiratory physiology

a. rectus abdominis ## Footnote review exam

Compared to spontaneous ventilation, what happens to the Vd/Vt ratio when a patient is placed on a mechanical ventilator? a. it increases b. it decreases c. it remains the same d. there is not enough information to answer this questions ## Footnote respiratory physiology

a. it increases ## Footnote review exam

A patient's PaCO2 has increased while her EtCO2 has decreased. All of the following are likely to contribute to this phenomenon except: a. hypotension b. increasing the tubing length o the circle system c. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease d. amniotic fluid embolism ## Footnote respiratory physiology

increasing the tubing length of the circle system | what DOES NOT increase deadspace; dead space begins at the y-piece ## Footnote review exam

What is the consequence of adding a heat and moisture exchanger between the endotracheal tube and the y-piece. Assume that minute ventilation is held constant. (Select 2) a. PaCO2 decreases b. PaCO2 increases c. PaO2 decreases d. PaO2 remains unchanged ## Footnote respiratory physiology

b. PaCO2 increases c. PaO2 decreases | increased deadspace; increased PaCO2 -> decreased PaO2 ## Footnote review exam

All of the following variables are required to calculate the partial pressure of alveolar oxygen except: a. PaCO2 b. barometric pressure c. respiratory quotient d. PaO2 ## Footnote respiratory physiology

PaO2 | PAO2 = FiO2 x (Pb - PH2O) - (PaCO2 / RQ) ## Footnote review exam

All of the following venous systems contribute to anatomic shunt except the: a. pleural veins b. Thebesian veins c. internal thoracic veins d. bronchiolar veins ## Footnote respiratory physiology

c. internal thoracic veins | Thebesian, bronchiolar, and pleural veins drain into the left atrium ## Footnote review exam

Venous admixture increases when: a. inspiratory reserve volume increases b. inspiratory reserve volume decreases c. expiratory reserve volume increases d. expiratory reserve volume decreases ## Footnote respiratory physiology

d. expiratory reserve volume decreases | venous admixture=shunt, think about FRC, reduced FRC = increased shunt ## Footnote review exam

Residual volume contributes to what percentage of total lung capacity? a. 10% b. 15% c. 20% d. 25% ## Footnote respiratory physiology

c. 20% ## Footnote review exam

Match each lung capacity to its respective components. 1. total lung capacity 2. inspiratory capacity 3. functional residual capacity 4. vital capacity a. IRV + TV + ERV + RV b. IRV + TV + ERV c. ERV + RV d. IRV + TV ## Footnote respiratory physiology

1a 2d 3c 4b ## Footnote review exam

The end-tidal CO2 is 5 percent. Convert this to mmHg. ## Footnote respiratory physiology

38 mmHg | P total = P1 + P2 + P3... 760 = 5% + 95% ## Footnote review exam

How much oxygen is consumed by a 70 kg healthy adult at rest? (mL/100g/min) ## Footnote respiratory physiology

0.357 mL/100g/min | normal adults: 250 mL/min or 3.5 mL/kg/min *change kg(1000g) to 100g ## Footnote review exam

EMLA cream toxicity: (Select 2) a. increases P50 b. decreases P50 c. shifts the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the left d. shifts the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the right ## Footnote respiratory physiology

b. decreases P50 c. shifts the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the left | EMLA cream has prilocaine & causes methemoglobinemia =dec. P50 & left ## Footnote review exam

Match each concept with its definition. a. hamburger phenomenon b. Haldane effect c. Bohr effect 1. Hgb releases more O2 in an acidic environment 2. Cl- is exchanged for HCO3 to maintain electroneutrality in the erythrocyte 3. Venous blood carries more CO2 than arterial blood ## Footnote respiratory physiology

1c 2a 3b ## Footnote review exam

Which phenomenon is responsible for tachypnea that accompanies pulmonary embolism? ## Footnote respiratory physiology

J receptor stimulation ## Footnote review exam

Select the statement that best describes hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriciton. a. low PaO2 causes pulmonary vasoconstriction b. 1.5 MAC desflurane stimulates pulmonary vasoconstriction c. nitroprusside increases venous admixture d. it achieves maximum effect after 2 hours ## Footnote respiratory physiology

c. nitroprusside increases venous admixture | inhibits HPV and increases shunt ## Footnote review exam