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IOS 2 > Respiratory Physio - Ventilation > Flashcards

Respiratory Physio - Ventilation Flashcards

1
Q

Intracellular metabolic processes carried out within the mitochondria, which use O2 and produce CO2 describes what type of respiration?

A

Cellular Respiration

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2
Q

The ratio of CO2 produced to O2 consume is called what?

A

Respiratory Quotient

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3
Q

Whats the RQ for carbohydrates?

A

RQ = 1

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4
Q

What is the RQ for fat?

A

RQ = 0.7

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5
Q

What is the RQ for protein?

A

RQ = 0.8

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6
Q

The sequence of events in the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the external environment and the tissue cells is what type of respiration?

A

External Respiration

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7
Q

What is the 1st step of external respiration?

A

Air is moved into and out of the lungs so that air can be exchanged between the atmosphere and air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs

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8
Q

The 1st step of external respiration is accomplished by what act?

A

Ventilation (breathing)

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9
Q

What is the 2nd step of external respiration?

A

O2 and CO2 are exchanged between air in the alveoli and the blood within the pulmonary

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10
Q

The 2nd step of external respiration is accomplished by what process?

A

diffusion/gas transport

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11
Q

What is the 3rd step of external respiration?

A

Blood transports O2 and Co2 between lungs and tissues

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12
Q

What’s the 4th step of external respiration?

A

O2 and CO2 are exchanged between the tissue cells and the blood by diffusion across systemic capillaries

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13
Q

The respiratory system is involved with what steps of External Respiration?

A

Steps 1 and 2

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14
Q

The circulatory system is involved in what steps of External Respiration?

A

Steps 3 and 4

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15
Q

What is the sum of all partial pressures at sea level?

A

Ptotal = 760 mmHg

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16
Q

What’s the partial pressure of N2 at sea level?

A

593mmHg

makes up 78% of air composition

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17
Q

What’s the partial pressure of O2 at sea level?

A

160mmHg

makes up 20.9% of air composition

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18
Q

What is the partial pressure of CO2 at sea level?

A

0.2mmHg

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19
Q

What are the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 in the lungs and arterial blood?

A 
O2 = 100 mmHg
CO2 = 40mmHg
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20
Q

Pulse oximeters use Beer’s law which states what?

A

The amount of light absorbed is proportional to the amount of oxy or deoxy hemoglobin in the blood

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21
Q

What are the 2 wavelengths pulse oximeters use

A

Red light (650nm) and Infrared (950nm)

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22
Q

What is the driving force for the diffusion of oxygen out of the lungs and into the blood?

A

The partial pressure gradient of O2 in the lungs (100mmHg) and in the blood (40mmHg)

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23
Q

What is the driving force for the diffusion of CO2 out of the blood and into the lungs?

A

The partial pressure gradient of CO2 in the blood (45mmHg) and in the lungs (40mmHg)

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24
Q

If all the airways were lined up end to end, they would extend ____ miles.

A

1500 miles

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25
Q

What are the functions of the conducting zone?

A

Conducts air to the Resp. zone.
Warms and moistens the air
Filters and cleans the air

26
Q

What part of the respiratory system serves as a common passageway for the respiratory and digestive system?

A

Pharynx

27
Q

What part of the conducting zone is the voice box found at the entrance of the trachea?

A

Larynx

28
Q

What part of the conducting zone is the windpipe and contains rigid tubes to prevent collapse?

A

Trachea

29
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of the respiratory zone?

A

No connective tissues, thick layers of smooth muscle, easily influenced by external pressure

30
Q

Resistance of flow _____ as we go from conducting zone to respiratory zone.

A

decreases

  • due to more things and more SA
31
Q

Large surface area for gas exchange is due to ____? How many per lung?

A

the large number of alveoli

approx. 400 million per lung

32
Q

Alveolar walls consist of a single layer of what type of cell?

A

Flattened, Type I alveolar cells

33
Q

The capillary is how far away from the alveola? What is the advantage of this?

A

0.5 microns away (called the pulmonary interface)

Small diffusion difference allows for easy diffusion of CO2 and O2

34
Q

This barrier is 2 cells across (alveolar cell and capillary endothelial cell)

A

Air-blood barrier

35
Q

Basement membranes of alveolar cells are called what? What do they fuse with?

A

Pneumocytes

Fuse with capillaries to form a thin barrier

36
Q

5% of the alveolar surface epithelium is covered by what type of cells? What do these cells secrete?

A

type II alveolar cells

Secrete pulmonary surfactant

37
Q

This type of secretion is a phospholipoprotein complex that facilitates lung expansion and reduces the work of breathing

A

Pulmonary surfactant

38
Q

This cell is present to guard/clear area of infectious, toxic or allergic particles.

A

Alveolar macrophages

39
Q

What are the 3 forces involved in ventilation?

A
  1. Respiratory pressures
  2. Muscles of respiration
  3. Physical properties of the lungs
40
Q

What 3 pressure considerations are important in ventilation?

A
  1. Atmospheric (760mmHg)
  2. Intra-alveolar (760mmHg)
  3. Intrapleural (756mmHg)
41
Q

When the chest wall is punctured and air flows down its pressure gradient from the lungs (760mmHg) to the pleural cavity (756mmHg), what is this called?

A

Pneumothorax

42
Q

What is the problem with a pneumothorax?

A

A pressure gradient no longer exist = no force to stretch the lung

43
Q

For inspiration, the intra-alveolar pressure must be _____ than atmospheric pressure.

A

less than

O2 is going from an area of high concentration (in air) to low concentration (in lungs)

44
Q

For expiration, the intra-alveolar pressure must be ____ than atmospheric pressure.

A

more than

45
Q

What muscles are used for inspiration? How do they allow inspiration?

A

External Intercostal Muscles and Diaphragm

Increases thoracic volume (raises ribs and diaphragm contracts aka gets smaller)

46
Q

What muscles are used for quiet expiration?

A

Diaphragm and Thoracic muscles relax, decreases lung volume

47
Q

What muscles are used for forceful inspiration?

A

Sternocleidomastoid and Scalenus

48
Q

What muscles are used for forceful/active expiration? How?

A

Internal Intercostal Muscles and Abdomen

Contract to depress the rib cage, decreases thoracic volume and increases pressure

49
Q

What is the primary determinant of airflow?

A

Radius of conducting airways

50
Q

Bronchiolar constriction which increases resistance and decreases airflow is caused by what nervous stimulation?

A

Parasympathetic stimulation

51
Q

Bronchiolar dilation which decreases resistance and increases airflow is caused by what nervous stimulation?

A

Sympathetic stimulation and epinephrine

52
Q

What are the 3 physical properties of the lungs?

A
  1. Compliance
  2. Elasticity
  3. Surface Tension
53
Q

The ease with which the lungs can expand under pressure is?

A

Compliance (aka “stretchability”)

The lungs must be highly compliant for inspiration to occur efficiently

54
Q

Increased lung compliance is usually seen in what disease?

A

emphysema

55
Q

Decreased lung compliance is usually seen in what disease?

A

Pulmonary Fibrosis

56
Q

This property, along with the rebound of the stretched elastin fibers, produces the lungs’ elastic recoil back to their pre-inspiratory size when inspiration is over

A

Surface tension

57
Q

The lungs’ tendency to return to their initial sizes after being distended is called what?

A

Elasticity

58
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of Pulmonary Fibrosis?

A
  1. Lung tissue has fibrous connective tissue proteins
  2. Transpulm. pressure has small increase in lung volume
  3. Decreases lung compliance
  4. Black lung disease in coal miners
59
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of Emphysema?

A
  1. Elastic recoil is decreased by loss of elastin fibers
  2. Reduction in alveolar ST = breakdown of alveolar walls
  3. Difficulty expiring
60
Q

In premature infants, lack of surfactant causes what disease?

A

Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) or Hyaline Membrane Disease

61
Q

Treatment for RDS may cause infants to develop what ocular manifestation?

A

Retinopathy of Prematurity.. caused by high oxygen content used in respirators.

62
Q

Air flow in larger airways like the trachea causes what type of flow?

A

turbulent flow…caused by the higher velocities and irregular walls

IOS 2 (6 decks)

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