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A & P 2nd Year > Respiratory Pathophys > Flashcards

Respiratory Pathophys Flashcards

1
Q

What is COPD?

A

Chronic Obstructive pulmonary disorder
- A progressive chronic lung diseases that limit air flow and gas exchange

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2
Q

What is chronic bronchitis characterised by?

A
  • chronic inflammation of bronchi
  • excess mucus production
  • chronic productive cough
  • blue bloaters
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3
Q

How is emphysema characterised?

A
  • abnormal permanent enlargement of the airsick distal to terminal bronchioles due to damage to alveolar walls (air sacs) within the lung
  • pink puffers
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4
Q

Name 3 causes of COPD

A
  • smoking
  • LT exposure to industrial pollution, indoor air pollution
  • chemical fumes
  • genes
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5
Q

What is type 1 respiratory failure?

A
  • failure in O2 exchange, hypoxemia, most common with acute lung diseases e.g pulmonary oedema and pneumonia.
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6
Q

What is type 2 respiratory failure?

A

-hypercapnia- body cannot remove carbon dioxide from the body

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7
Q

Name 3 causes of type 2 respiratory failure

A
  • Drug overdose
  • chest wall abnormality
  • COPD
  • severe asthma
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8
Q

Type 2 respiratory failure:
- Should PaCO2 be more or less than 6.7kPa?
- What should normal PaCO2 levels be?

A
  • More
  • 6.0kPa
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9
Q

What is meant by a V/Q mismatch?

A

When a part of your lung receives oxygen without blood flow or blood flow without oxygen

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10
Q

What does ventilation mean in the V/Q ratio?

A

Ventilation- the volume of air you breathe in which moves into and out of the mouth

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11
Q

What does Perfusion mean in the V/Q ratio?

A

Perfusion- is defined as the flow of blood through tissues

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12
Q

If COPD affects ventilation, will the V/Q be low or high?

A

Low- can cause a mismatch between ventilation and perfusion

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13
Q

If heart failure affects perfusion will the V/Q be high or low?

A

High- can cause a mismatch between ventilation and perfusion.

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14
Q

V/Q mismatch in Asthma- When person is totally well, V/Q=1. As bronchospasm increases, less air gets to________, therefore V/Q<1. If the condition worsens and some airways become fully________ (bronchospasm plus excess mucus), V/Q= __

A
  • alveoli
  • closed
    -0
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15
Q

What is a Shunt?

A
  • where under-ventilated areas of the lungs can cause a shunt where venous blood returns to the heart without collecting its normal oxygen quota.
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16
Q

What conditions causes a shunt?

A
  • Pneumonia
  • Atelectasis- collapsed part of lung or lung
  • Severe Pulmonary Oedema
17
Q

What is the normal V/Q ratio?

A

0.8

18
Q

When does a silent unit occur?

A

when little or no ventilation and perfusion are present, such as in the case of pneumothorax and (ARDS) Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

19
Q

What does Left Ventricular Failure cause?

A
  • Causes blood to back-up pulmonary veins into lungs, causing fluid to build up into lungs (pulmonary oedma)
20
Q

Name 5 Symptoms of Pulmonary Oedema

A
  • SOB
    -DIB
    -anxiety
  • Pale
    -Pink frothy sputum
    -Hypoxia
  • Peripheral Oedema
    -Orthopnoea (inability to lie flat down due to breathlessness)
21
Q

What is ARDS?

A
  • a form of non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema that can quickly lead to acute respiratory failure
  • a result of acute lung injury- which leads to increased vascular permeability causing pulmonary oedema
  • characterised by acute, severe hypoxia which is not caused by left ventricular failure.
22
Q

Name 5 direct injuries that cause ARDS

A
  • pneumonia
  • aspiration of gastric secretion
  • drowning
  • PE
  • Trauma (severe chest injury)
  • inhalation injury (e.g smoke inhalation)
23
Q

Name 4 indirect injuries that cause ARDS

A
  • Sepsis
  • massive blood transfusion reaction
  • acute pancreatitis
  • severe burns
24
Q

What is the exudative phase of ARDS?

A
  • first 24hrs, with hyperaemia.
  • leakage of fluid into the alveoli plus haemorrhage and infiltration of neutrophils.
25
Q

What is the Proliferative phase of ARDS?

A
  • 14 days after injury
  • persistent hypoxaemia and reduced lung compliance.
  • thrombi form in the small blood vessels of the lungs.
26
Q

what is the fibrotic phase of ARDS?

A
  • 3 weeks into injury.
  • widespread pulmonary fibrosis, loss of the normal lung structure and worsening lung compliance.
27
Q

What is pneumonia?

A
  • infection by bacteria or viruses that causes inflammation of the lung parenchyma.
28
Q

Name 4 symptoms of pneumonia

A
  • cough w phlegm- green or yellow or blood stained- may smell.
    -fever and chills (sweating and shivering)
  • SOB
  • Chest pain- gets worsen when breathing or coughing.
29
Q

What happens during an asthma episode?

A
  • bronchoconstriction, bronchospasm, increased mucus production and mucosal oedema.
30
Q

Pathophys- Asthma (1)
- Mucus layer swells in reaction to _________ creating an amorphous shape in the lumen.
- Glands within the _______ layer produce more mucus which gets secreted into the lumen.
- space within the lumen- air passages in the lungs massively _______= SOB/DIB/Chest Tightness.
-Due to constriction and increased production of mucus/fluids by the glands, _____ are produced = ________/popping on auscultation.

A
  • Inflammation
  • muscosa
  • decreased
  • bubbles
    -wheezing
31
Q

Pathophys Asthma (2)
- Job of ____ is recognise and pick up foreign particles, they are in same family of anti-bodies to fight infection.
- In asthma attack IgE go in search of a ______ _____.
- Mast Cell carries pockets of _______.
- This ‘wakes up’ the mast cell so the pockets of histamine open and flows into the ____ ____, causing allergic reactions such as sneezing and watering eyes.
- When the body released too much histamine that are not proportinate to the number of foriegn bodies, this is when an ______ ______ is caused.

A
  • IgE
  • Mast Cell
  • Histamine
  • Blood Flow
  • Allergic reaction.

A & P 2nd Year (6 decks)

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