Cardiac Pathophys Flashcards
What is Congestive Heart Failure?
inability or failure of the heart to adequately meet the needs of organs and tissues for oxygen and nutrients.
Name 3 Symptoms of Congestive Heart Failure
SOB, chest pain, weakness, oedema and swelling, weight gain.
What does Congestive Heart Failure Cause?
decreased Cardiac output, fluid leaking into the capillary blood vessels causing swelling.
What is Left sided Heart failure?
Inability of the left ventricle to function effectively as an efficient pump, causing an excessive amount of fluid to build up in the pulmonary circulation.
What is systolic Heart Failure?
When the left ventricle cannot contract forcefully enough to keep blood circulating normally, a thin left ventricle becomes weak, blood flow backwards = swelling.
called= reduced ejection fraction
What is diastolic heart failure?
left ventricle becomes stiff or thick and is unable to fill, called= preserved ejection fraction. Causing blood to build up inside left atrium, then in the lungs, leading to fluid congestion and symptoms of heart failure.
What causes a formation of pulmonary oedema?
increased hydrostatic pressure. Pul veins become engorged forcing plasma serum out of capillaries into the alveolar spaces.
Air mixes with serum producing white frothy foam. What is this called?
Pulmonary oedema- oxygenation becomes impaired, due to increased distance for diffusion due to fluid-filled airways.
Name the signs and symptoms of left-sided heart failure
SOB on exertion or when lying flat, chronic cough, wheezing, fatigue, oedema in limbs, tachycardia, sudden weigh gain.
Name causes of left-sided heart failure
cardiomyopathy, cocaine use, coronary artery disease, diabetes, heavy alcohol use, High BP, sleep apnoea.
Name some clinical manifestations of LVF
severe respiratory distress, cyanosis, JVT, LOC, diaphoresis, chest pain, white frothy sputum, coughs
What happens in right ventricular faliure?
right ventricle does not function properly and causes an excessive amount of fluid to accumulate in the systemic circulation.
Does RVF cause peripheral oedema or pulmonary oedema?
peripheral oedema- due to rise in pressure in the right atrium and right systemic veins.
Name 5 possible causes of RVF
Inferior MI
pulmonary disease
PE
Results from LVF
pulmonary diseases- COPD.
TB/Pneumonia
what is peripheral oedema?
fluid that collects in the ankles and legs causing swelling
Name 5 Signs and Symptoms of RVF
weakness/fatigue
tachycardia
JVT
peripheral oedema
weight gain
arrythmias
hypotension
poor exercise tolerance
What is an aneurysm?
vessel distenstion, they are a weakness or out pouching in the wall of an artery
What happens in a dissecting aneurysm?
Dissecting- highest pressure area (aorta)- spilt in inner lining, blood will push out and strip the layers apart and the blood will end up around the artery instead of inside.
What happens in a Fusiform aneurysm?
wall of an artery expands until it bursts. can be repaired- mesh applied around artery to reinforce and stop it from expanded further.
What happens in a Saccular/Berry aneurysm?
part of an artery wall has failed and forms a berry shape- can be repaired but a clip along the bottom where it joins the main artery.
What is a thromboembolism?
circulating clot that causes an obstruction
Name 3 complications of aneurysms
Stroke- travels to brain can cause a stroke
Angina- narrowed arteries supplying the heart itself
Sudden extreme headache- aneurysm can lead to subarachnoid haemorrhage.
Low BP, tachycardia and light-headedness
Where is the most common place for a AAA
below level of renal artery and involove bifurication of aorta and iliac arteries.
Name 5 clinical Signs of a AAA
- commonly asymptomatic
- pulsating mass
- mid abdo pain or lumbar pain
- large aneurysm might compress lumbar nerves and siactic pain
- chest pain- ripping/ tearing pain
- BP not normotensive
- LOC/ syncope
- Hemiplegia- weakness on one side
What is Atherosclerosis?
Thickening or hardening of the arteries caused by a build up of plaque on the inner lining of the arteries.
What are atheromas?
(localized) plaque that builds up inside your arteries
fatty materials.
What is atherogenesis?
it’s a decades-long process in which the lumen of a blood vessel becomes narrowed by cellular and extracellular substances to the point of obstruction.
What does the Fatty streak contain?
macrophages and smooth muscle cells, distended with lipid to form foam cells.
What is the most common cause of MI?
athersclerosis of coronary arteries
What causes substernal pain?
increased lactic acid in the blood due to anaerobic respiration of the ischemic tissue- left shoulder and arm pain- referred pain is called angina pectoris.
what happens if ischemia and anaerobic respiration are prolonged?
necrosis (cell death) may occur in the areas most deprived of oxygen.
What are the LT effects of a progessively rising BP to the Heart?
- LV hypertrophies
- predisposes to ischemic heart disease
- back pressure and acculuation of blood in the lungs
- rate and force of contraction are increased against high interial pressure.
