Cardiac Pathophys

Question 1

What is Congestive Heart Failure?

Answer 1

inability or failure of the heart to adequately meet the needs of organs and tissues for oxygen and nutrients.

Question 2

Name 3 Symptoms of Congestive Heart Failure

Answer 2

SOB, chest pain, weakness, oedema and swelling, weight gain.

Question 3

What does Congestive Heart Failure Cause?

Answer 3

decreased Cardiac output, fluid leaking into the capillary blood vessels causing swelling.

Question 4

What is Left sided Heart failure?

Answer 4

Inability of the left ventricle to function effectively as an efficient pump, causing an excessive amount of fluid to build up in the pulmonary circulation.

Question 5

What is systolic Heart Failure?

Answer 5

When the left ventricle cannot contract forcefully enough to keep blood circulating normally, a thin left ventricle becomes weak, blood flow backwards = swelling.
called= reduced ejection fraction

Question 6

What is diastolic heart failure?

Answer 6

left ventricle becomes stiff or thick and is unable to fill, called= preserved ejection fraction. Causing blood to build up inside left atrium, then in the lungs, leading to fluid congestion and symptoms of heart failure.

Question 7

What causes a formation of pulmonary oedema?

Answer 7

increased hydrostatic pressure. Pul veins become engorged forcing plasma serum out of capillaries into the alveolar spaces.

Question 8

Air mixes with serum producing white frothy foam. What is this called?

Answer 8

Pulmonary oedema- oxygenation becomes impaired, due to increased distance for diffusion due to fluid-filled airways.

Question 9

Name the signs and symptoms of left-sided heart failure

Answer 9

SOB on exertion or when lying flat, chronic cough, wheezing, fatigue, oedema in limbs, tachycardia, sudden weigh gain.

Question 10

Name causes of left-sided heart failure

Answer 10

cardiomyopathy, cocaine use, coronary artery disease, diabetes, heavy alcohol use, High BP, sleep apnoea.

Question 11

Name some clinical manifestations of LVF

Answer 11

severe respiratory distress, cyanosis, JVT, LOC, diaphoresis, chest pain, white frothy sputum, coughs

Question 12

What happens in right ventricular faliure?

Answer 12

right ventricle does not function properly and causes an excessive amount of fluid to accumulate in the systemic circulation.

Question 13

Does RVF cause peripheral oedema or pulmonary oedema?

Answer 13

peripheral oedema- due to rise in pressure in the right atrium and right systemic veins.

Question 14

Name 5 possible causes of RVF

Answer 14

Inferior MI
pulmonary disease
PE
Results from LVF
pulmonary diseases- COPD.
TB/Pneumonia

Question 15

what is peripheral oedema?

Answer 15

fluid that collects in the ankles and legs causing swelling

Question 16

Name 5 Signs and Symptoms of RVF

Answer 16

weakness/fatigue
tachycardia
JVT
peripheral oedema
weight gain
arrythmias
hypotension
poor exercise tolerance

Question 17

What is an aneurysm?

Answer 17

vessel distenstion, they are a weakness or out pouching in the wall of an artery

Question 18

What happens in a dissecting aneurysm?

Answer 18

Dissecting- highest pressure area (aorta)- spilt in inner lining, blood will push out and strip the layers apart and the blood will end up around the artery instead of inside.

Question 19

What happens in a Fusiform aneurysm?

Answer 19

wall of an artery expands until it bursts. can be repaired- mesh applied around artery to reinforce and stop it from expanded further.

Question 20

What happens in a Saccular/Berry aneurysm?

Answer 20

part of an artery wall has failed and forms a berry shape- can be repaired but a clip along the bottom where it joins the main artery.

Question 21

What is a thromboembolism?

Answer 21

circulating clot that causes an obstruction

Question 22

Name 3 complications of aneurysms

Answer 22

Stroke- travels to brain can cause a stroke
Angina- narrowed arteries supplying the heart itself
Sudden extreme headache- aneurysm can lead to subarachnoid haemorrhage.
Low BP, tachycardia and light-headedness

Question 23

Where is the most common place for a AAA

Answer 23

below level of renal artery and involove bifurication of aorta and iliac arteries.

Question 24

Name 5 clinical Signs of a AAA

Answer 24

• commonly asymptomatic
• pulsating mass
• mid abdo pain or lumbar pain
• large aneurysm might compress lumbar nerves and siactic pain
• chest pain- ripping/ tearing pain
• BP not normotensive
• LOC/ syncope
• Hemiplegia- weakness on one side

Question 25

What is Atherosclerosis?

Answer 25

Thickening or hardening of the arteries caused by a build up of plaque on the inner lining of the arteries.

Question 26

What are atheromas?

Answer 26

(localized) plaque that builds up inside your arteries
fatty materials.

Question 27

What is atherogenesis?

Answer 27

it’s a decades-long process in which the lumen of a blood vessel becomes narrowed by cellular and extracellular substances to the point of obstruction.

Question 28

What does the Fatty streak contain?

Answer 28

macrophages and smooth muscle cells, distended with lipid to form foam cells.

Question 29

What is the most common cause of MI?

Answer 29

athersclerosis of coronary arteries

Question 30

What causes substernal pain?

Answer 30

increased lactic acid in the blood due to anaerobic respiration of the ischemic tissue- left shoulder and arm pain- referred pain is called angina pectoris.

Question 31

what happens if ischemia and anaerobic respiration are prolonged?

Answer 31

necrosis (cell death) may occur in the areas most deprived of oxygen.

Question 32

What are the LT effects of a progessively rising BP to the Heart?

Answer 32

• LV hypertrophies
• predisposes to ischemic heart disease
• back pressure and acculuation of blood in the lungs
• rate and force of contraction are increased against high interial pressure.