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A & P 2nd Year > Neuro pathophys > Flashcards

Neuro pathophys Flashcards

1
Q

What does multiple sclerosis do to the nerve cells?

A

inflames and damages the myelin sheath (protective covering around the nerve fibres)

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2
Q

This damage can disrupt the __________ between the brain and the rest of the _____, leading to a variety of symptoms

A
  • communication
  • body
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3
Q

Name 5 symptoms of MS

A

Fatigue, walking difficulty, blurred vision, numbness in different parts of the body, muscle stiffness and spasms, issues with balance and coordination.

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4
Q

Name 5 risk factors of MS

A

Genetics, vitamin D deficiency, cig smoking, diet and obesity early in life, women twice as likely to be affected, epstein barr virus.

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5
Q

What happens in Parkinson’s disease?

A

there is a dopamine deficiency due to the cells in the brain (substantia nigra) not functioning correctly

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6
Q

What does the nigrostriatal dopamine system control?

A

motor control

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7
Q

What does the mesolimbic dopamine system control?

A

emotional reward

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8
Q

Name 4 symptoms of Parkinson’s disease

A

tremor, rigidity, postural instability, bradykinesia (difficulty with movement)

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9
Q

What is Cauda Equina Syndrome?

A

when an injury compresses the nerve roots at the bottom of the spinal cord.

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10
Q

Name 5 symptoms of Cauda Equina syndrome

A

Urinary retention, incontinence, sciatica, weakness or numbness in legs, sexual dysfunction, saddle syndrome (loss of feeling in areas that would touch a saddle)

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11
Q

What occurs in motor-neuron disease?

A

motor neurons degenerate and die, leading to muscle weakness and atrophy.

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12
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

losing past memories

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13
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

lose the ability to form new memories

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14
Q

What is a seizure?

A

malfunction in how brain cells send and relay electrical signals. seizures cause affected neurons to fire electrical signals uncontrollably to other nearby neurons, causing malfunction to spread.

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15
Q

What is Grand Mal Epilepsy?

A

Tonic-clonic, muscle spasms, 1-2 convulsions, muscles contract and relax, rhythmic contractions. Both sides of the brain involved.

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16
Q

What is a Petit Mal seizure?

A

absence of seizure, sudden lapse of consciousness, both sides of the brain involved, lip smacking, eyelids fluttering, chewing motions, small movements of both hands.

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17
Q

What are focal seizures?

A

partial seizures, seizures that happen in a specific part of your brain. e.g febrile seizures in childhood, strokes, brain tumours. often affect face, hands and toes on one side.

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18
Q

Name 5 causes of seizures

A
  • low BM
  • traumatic brain injury
  • infections- Menny G/ HIV
  • genetic
  • alcohol withdrawal, drug intoxication or withdrawal- sudden electrical surge in the brain.
  • developmental conditions- autism
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19
Q

What treatment do we deliver if a pt has been convulsing for longer than 5 minutes or more than 3 in an hour?

A

IV benzodiazepine 10,g (over 2 minutes) or if no IV access midazolam PR 10mg or buccas diazepam 20mg.

20
Q

What do we administer if pt is still convulsing 10 minutes after 1st dose?

A

10mg diazepam (over 2 mins) , no IV/IO- midazolam buccal 10mg or PR diazepam 10mg

21
Q

What is dementia?

A

a loss or damage to the synapses in the brain, which in turn causes neutral atrophy within the brain, damage to synapses usually occurs due to a build-up of proteins (amyloid plaques) which causes delays in the transmission of electrical signals within the brain.

22
Q

Name 5 symptoms of Alzheimer’s

A

confusion, difficulty planning and decision making, problems with speech and language, low mood or aggression, hallucinations and delusions.

23
Q

What is Meningitis?

A

inflammation of the meninges, which are the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

24
Q

Name 5 Symptoms of Meningitis

A

photophobia, rash, joint aches, nausea, seizures, vomiting.

25
Q

What treatment do we deliver to Meningitis pts?

A

Benzylpenicillin sodium- IV/IO- 1.2mg dissolved in 19ml of water or IM 1.2g dissolved in 3.2ml water for injection.

26
Q

What are the 3 symptoms of cushing’s triad?

A

Increased systolic BP, increased pulse, decreased respiration= increased intracranial pressure

27
Q

what do the (7) cervical vertebra control?

A

control of head, neck, diaphragm, hands, arms.

28
Q

What does the (12) thoracic vertebrae control?

A

controls chest muscles and abdominal muscles

29
Q

what does the (5) lumbar vertebrae control?

A

control of legs

30
Q

What does the (5) sacral vertebrae control?

A

control of bladder/ bowel function and sexual function

31
Q

What is Myasthenia Graves?

A

an autoimmune disease that impairs the receptor for acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction leads to muscle weakness and rapid fatigue of affected muscles.

32
Q

What is encephalitis?

A

inflammation of the brain, the brain begins to attack itself.

33
Q

What is the frontal lobe in control of?

A

voluntary motor control of skeletal muscles, personality, emotions, verbal communication and decision making.

34
Q

What is the parietal lobe in control of?

A

Sensations, understanding speech and formulating words to express thoughts and emotions; interpretations of textures and shapes, self-perception and location awareness.

35
Q

What is the temporal lobe in control of?

A

interpretations of auditory sensations; storage (memory) of auditory and visual experiences.

36
Q

What is the occipital lobe in control of?

A

integration of movements in focusing the eye; correlation of visual images with previous visual experiences and other sensory stimuli; conscious perception of vision.

37
Q

What does the insula control?

A

memory, sensory (principally pain) and visceral integration. this area allows people to experience pain, basic emotions.

38
Q

What is aphasia?

A

disorder with how we communicate, talking or written language.

39
Q

Wernicke’s area receives information from ______ and hearing and sends it to Broca’s area.

A

visual

40
Q

What does the Broca’s area control?

A

motor speech control

41
Q
  1. Aggression= _______
  2. Fear= _____ and _______
  3. Feeding= ________
  4. Sex= _______ and _____ ____
A
  1. amygdala
  2. amygdala and hypothalamus
  3. hypothalamus
  4. hypothalamus and limbic system
42
Q

What do C1-C6 control?

A

Cervical nerves
C1- head and neck
C2- diaphragm
C3- Deltoids and biceps
C4- wrist extenders
C5- triceps
C6- Hands

43
Q

What do T1-T12 control?

A

Thoracic nerves
chest muscles and abdominal muscles

44
Q

What does L1-L5 control?

A

Lumbar Nerves
- Leg muscles

45
Q

What do the S1-S5 control?

A

Sacral Nerves
- Bowel, Bladder and Sexual Function

46
Q
A

A & P 2nd Year (5 decks)

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