Neuro pathophys Flashcards
What does multiple sclerosis do to the nerve cells?
inflames and damages the myelin sheath (protective covering around the nerve fibres)
This damage can disrupt the __________ between the brain and the rest of the _____, leading to a variety of symptoms
- communication
- body
Name 5 symptoms of MS
Fatigue, walking difficulty, blurred vision, numbness in different parts of the body, muscle stiffness and spasms, issues with balance and coordination.
Name 5 risk factors of MS
Genetics, vitamin D deficiency, cig smoking, diet and obesity early in life, women twice as likely to be affected, epstein barr virus.
What happens in Parkinson’s disease?
there is a dopamine deficiency due to the cells in the brain (substantia nigra) not functioning correctly
What does the nigrostriatal dopamine system control?
motor control
What does the mesolimbic dopamine system control?
emotional reward
Name 4 symptoms of Parkinson’s disease
tremor, rigidity, postural instability, bradykinesia (difficulty with movement)
What is Cauda Equina Syndrome?
when an injury compresses the nerve roots at the bottom of the spinal cord.
Name 5 symptoms of Cauda Equina syndrome
Urinary retention, incontinence, sciatica, weakness or numbness in legs, sexual dysfunction, saddle syndrome (loss of feeling in areas that would touch a saddle)
What occurs in motor-neuron disease?
motor neurons degenerate and die, leading to muscle weakness and atrophy.
What is retrograde amnesia?
losing past memories
What is anterograde amnesia?
lose the ability to form new memories
What is a seizure?
malfunction in how brain cells send and relay electrical signals. seizures cause affected neurons to fire electrical signals uncontrollably to other nearby neurons, causing malfunction to spread.
What is Grand Mal Epilepsy?
Tonic-clonic, muscle spasms, 1-2 convulsions, muscles contract and relax, rhythmic contractions. Both sides of the brain involved.
What is a Petit Mal seizure?
absence of seizure, sudden lapse of consciousness, both sides of the brain involved, lip smacking, eyelids fluttering, chewing motions, small movements of both hands.
What are focal seizures?
partial seizures, seizures that happen in a specific part of your brain. e.g febrile seizures in childhood, strokes, brain tumours. often affect face, hands and toes on one side.
Name 5 causes of seizures
- low BM
- traumatic brain injury
- infections- Menny G/ HIV
- genetic
- alcohol withdrawal, drug intoxication or withdrawal- sudden electrical surge in the brain.
- developmental conditions- autism
What treatment do we deliver if a pt has been convulsing for longer than 5 minutes or more than 3 in an hour?
IV benzodiazepine 10,g (over 2 minutes) or if no IV access midazolam PR 10mg or buccas diazepam 20mg.
What do we administer if pt is still convulsing 10 minutes after 1st dose?
10mg diazepam (over 2 mins) , no IV/IO- midazolam buccal 10mg or PR diazepam 10mg
What is dementia?
a loss or damage to the synapses in the brain, which in turn causes neutral atrophy within the brain, damage to synapses usually occurs due to a build-up of proteins (amyloid plaques) which causes delays in the transmission of electrical signals within the brain.
Name 5 symptoms of Alzheimer’s
confusion, difficulty planning and decision making, problems with speech and language, low mood or aggression, hallucinations and delusions.
What is Meningitis?
inflammation of the meninges, which are the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
Name 5 Symptoms of Meningitis
photophobia, rash, joint aches, nausea, seizures, vomiting.
What treatment do we deliver to Meningitis pts?
Benzylpenicillin sodium- IV/IO- 1.2mg dissolved in 19ml of water or IM 1.2g dissolved in 3.2ml water for injection.
What are the 3 symptoms of cushing’s triad?
Increased systolic BP, increased pulse, decreased respiration= increased intracranial pressure
what do the (7) cervical vertebra control?
control of head, neck, diaphragm, hands, arms.
What does the (12) thoracic vertebrae control?
controls chest muscles and abdominal muscles
what does the (5) lumbar vertebrae control?
control of legs
What does the (5) sacral vertebrae control?
control of bladder/ bowel function and sexual function
What is Myasthenia Graves?
an autoimmune disease that impairs the receptor for acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction leads to muscle weakness and rapid fatigue of affected muscles.
What is encephalitis?
inflammation of the brain, the brain begins to attack itself.
What is the frontal lobe in control of?
voluntary motor control of skeletal muscles, personality, emotions, verbal communication and decision making.
What is the parietal lobe in control of?
Sensations, understanding speech and formulating words to express thoughts and emotions; interpretations of textures and shapes, self-perception and location awareness.
What is the temporal lobe in control of?
interpretations of auditory sensations; storage (memory) of auditory and visual experiences.
What is the occipital lobe in control of?
integration of movements in focusing the eye; correlation of visual images with previous visual experiences and other sensory stimuli; conscious perception of vision.
What does the insula control?
memory, sensory (principally pain) and visceral integration. this area allows people to experience pain, basic emotions.
What is aphasia?
disorder with how we communicate, talking or written language.
Wernicke’s area receives information from ______ and hearing and sends it to Broca’s area.
visual
What does the Broca’s area control?
motor speech control
- Aggression= _______
- Fear= _____ and _______
- Feeding= ________
- Sex= _______ and _____ ____
- amygdala
- amygdala and hypothalamus
- hypothalamus
- hypothalamus and limbic system
What do C1-C6 control?
Cervical nerves
C1- head and neck
C2- diaphragm
C3- Deltoids and biceps
C4- wrist extenders
C5- triceps
C6- Hands
What do T1-T12 control?
Thoracic nerves
chest muscles and abdominal muscles
What does L1-L5 control?
Lumbar Nerves
- Leg muscles
What do the S1-S5 control?
Sacral Nerves
- Bowel, Bladder and Sexual Function
