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A & P 2nd Year > Immunity > Flashcards

Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Name 4 anatomical and physiological barriers

A
  • skin
  • ciliary clearance
  • low stomach pH
  • lysozyme and saliva
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1
Q

What is the difference between non specific (innate) and adaptive (specific) immunity?

A
  • We are born with non-specific immunity as it is innate and does not distinguish a potential threat from one another.
  • adaptive immunity involves lymphocytes which are specific threats.
  • defence against specific antigens is known as the immune response.
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2
Q

Where are lymphocytes found and where do they mature?

A

bone marrow and thymus gland

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3
Q

Where are monocytes and macrophages formed?

A

red bone marrow

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4
Q

Name 3 lymphatic organs that contain large numbers of lymphocytes

A
  • thymus
  • spleen
    -lymoh nodes
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5
Q

What 3 things to lymphocytes respond to?

A
  • foreign proteins
  • invading pathogens- bacteria or viruses
  • abnormal body cells- virus infected cells or cancer cells.
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6
Q

Name the 3 types of lymphocytes

A
  • B cells
  • T cells
  • NK (natural killer cells)
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7
Q

Name the roles for each T cell:
1. Cyctoxic T cells
2. Helper T cells
3. Suppressor T cells

A
  1. directly attack foreign cells or virus-infected cells
  2. stimulate the activation of both T and B cells
  3. inhibit both T and B cells
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8
Q

Name 3 non-specific (innate) internal types of immunity

A
  • phagocytic cells- ingest and destroy bacteria, cellular debris, denatured proteins and toxins.
  • interferons- inhibit replication of viruses.
  • compliment proteins- promote destruction of bacteria; enhance inflammatory response
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9
Q

Name an example of an external non-specific (innate) immunity for each structure:
1. Skin
2. Digestive Tract
3. Respiratory Tract
4. Genitourinary Tract

A
  1. Physical barrier to penetration, secrets lysosomes.
  2. High acidity of stomach- protection by normal bacteria population of colon.
  3. Secretion of mucus, movement of mucus by cilia; alveolar macrophages
  4. Acidity of urine, vaginal lactic acid.
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10
Q

How does innate immunity recognise bacteria?

A
  • chemotaxis
  • production of cytokines
  • senses of cytokines produced
  • antigens on bacteria
  • bacteria cell wall is different to other cell walls
  • ## neutrophils sense when bacteria enters the cell through the release of cytokines and they move to the area through chemotaxis.
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11
Q

Describe the process of phagocytosis b a neutrophil or macrophage

A
  • Pseudopods- around bacteria, creating an extension of their cell wall
  • extending their cell wall around the bacteria, creating pseudopods and surrounding bacteria to engulf.
  • cellular ingestion of bacteria
    -lysosomes release lysozymes to break down bacteria, in bacteria vessel formed by creating pseudopods
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12
Q

How does the temperature become raised in the hypothalamus?

A

Leukocytes attack bacteria, which produces endogenous pyrogen (cytokine), upsets and therefore raises temp.

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13
Q

What are interferons?

A
  • A type of cytokines
  • chemical messengers, that coordinate the defences against infections, interferons activated by lymphocytes and macrophages or virus-infected cells.
  • normal cells exposed to interferon molecules respond by producing anti-viral proteins.
  • they also stimulate NK cells and macrophages.
  • non-specific, short-acting resistance to viral infection.
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14
Q

What are Mast cells?

A

small, mobile connective tissue cells, often found near blood vessels

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15
Q

Describe the process of inflammation

A

-when stimulated by mechanical stress or chemical changes in the local environment, mast cells release chemicals including heparin and histamines into the interstitial fluid.
- these chemicals begin the inflammation process.
- histamine makes capillaries more permeable and speeds up blood flow through the area.
- the combination of abnormal tissue conditions and chemicals released by mast cells stimulates local sensory neurons, producing pain sensations.
- increased blood flow reddness the area and raises local temperature, changes increase the rate of enzymatic reactions so will speed up phagocytosis

16
Q

what is Cell-mediated immunity?

A

T cells provide a defence against abnormal cells and pathogens inside living cells.

17
Q

What is antibody-mediated immunity/ humoral immunity?

A

B cells provide a defence against antigens and pathogens in body fluids.

18
Q

What effects does inflammation have?

A
  • injury is temporarily repaired, and additional pathogens are prevented from re-entering the wound.
  • the spread of pathogens away from the injury is slowed.
19
Q

How is oedema created in inflammation?

A

-increased blood flow to inflamed areas caused by vasodilation.
- increased permeability of capillary membrane fluid-fluid goes from capillary to space between cells (interstitial space).
- leaking of fluid into interstitial space- swelling and oedema.

20
Q

What are eosinophils?

A

-weak phagocytes- White Blood Cells, that exhibit chemotaxis.
- they attack parasites

21
Q

Name the 3 actions of eosinophils

A
  • release hydrolytic enzymes from their granules, which are modified lysosomes.
    -probably also by releasing highly reactive forms of oxygen that are especially lethal to parasites.
  • by releasing from the granules a highly larvicidal polypeptide called major basic protein.
22
Q

what does an increased number of eosinophils in the blood suggest?

A

suggests a parasitic infection

23
Q

What other cells are basophils similar to?
Why are they similar?

A

-mast cells
- They both circulate in the blood and located outside capillaries in the body.
- both release histamine and smaller amounts of bradykinin and serotonin.
- both coordinate inflammation by releasing these chemicals.

24
Q

Why are mast cells and basophils important in some types of allergic reactions?

A

they are important as the type of antibody that causes allergic reactions IgE, has a special propensity to become attached to mast cells and basophils- release heparin.

25
Q

Name the four types of T lymphocytes

A

-Helper T cells or inducer T cells
-cytotoxic T cells/ killer T cells
- suppressor T cells
- Memory T cells

26
Q

When does adaptive immunity (specific) develop?

A
  • when you have been exposed to a specific immunity.
  • can be passive or active, whether artificial or natural.
27
Q

When does active immunity begin?

A
  • develops in response to antigen exposure
28
Q

What occurs in active immunity?

A
  • body responds to an antigen by making its own antibody.
29
Q

-What is passive immunity?
-Name an example of natural acquired passive immunity

A
  • produced by transferring antibodies to a person from some other source.
  • transfer of maternal antibodies across the placenta or in breast milk.
30
Q

What are the four properties of adaptive immunity?

A
  • Memory
  • versatility
  • specificity
  • tolerance
31
Q

What happens in Cell-mediated immunity?

A

-phagocytes are activated when exposed to the antigen
- which activate T cells find the pathogens and attack them through phagocytosis or the release of chemical toxins= destruction of antigens.
- T cells provide defence against abnormal cells and pathogens inside living cells.

32
Q

What occurs in Humoral/antibody-mediated immunity?

A
  • B cells provide defence against antigens and pathogens in body fluids
  • activated B cells give rise to cells to produce antibodies which bind to the antigen and attack the antigen.
33
Q

What is hypersensitivity?

A

when someone’s immune system harms them rather than protects them.

34
Q

Type 1 Hypersensitivty (1):
- Genetic predisposition for T helper cells to be more _________ to certain antigens.
- A person with nut allergy will have __ _____ that bind to a specific molecule on the nut making it an allergen.
- Antigen-presenting cells carry allergen molecules that migrate to ____ ______.

A
  • hypersensitive
  • T cells
  • lymph nodes
35
Q

Type 1 hypersensitivity (2):
- T helper cell that binds to the allergen molecule on the antigen-presenting cell will change into ___.
- Cytokines ___,___,___ help T helper cell change into TH2.
-IL4 will get B cells to undergo antibody-class switching, meaning that they stop producing IgM and produce ___ instead (which is specific to nut allergen)
- TH2 releases IL5 to stimulate the production and activation of eosinophils, which contain toxins that can harm cells.
- IgE specific antibodies attach themselves onto the surface of ___ ____.

A
  • TH2
  • IL4, IL5, IL10
  • IgE
  • mast cells
36
Q

Type 1 hypersensitivity (3):
- 2nd exposure
- IgE antibodies on mast cells attach to antigen allergen- causing the mast cell to release _______, causing allergic reaction symptoms to occur.
- histamine binds to __ receptors on bronchi causing _____ muscle contraction = difficulty breathing.
- Also causes blood vessel dilation and ______ permeability of blood vessel walls means that more fluid leaks out into interstitial spaces= oedema and hives.

A
  • histamine (pro-inflammatories)
  • H1

A & P 2nd Year (5 decks)

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