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SBO4 > Respiratory Pathology > Flashcards

Respiratory Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Why are respiratory tract infections so common in children?

A

Poor sanitary habits, low defences

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2
Q

How would you explain the management of antibiotics for URTI?

A

Antibiotics only work for bacterial infection not viral, so eating it without reason creates resistance of the pathogen to the medicine.

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3
Q

what are the common pathogens for influenza

A

Type A, B and C

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4
Q

Compare the clinical features for common cold an influenza

A 
- Cold
Onset Gradual
Fever rare
headache rare
malaise mild
a runny nose yes 
cough productive
chill rare
- Influenza
Onset Abrupt
Fever common
headcahe severe
malaise yes
runny nose sometimes
cough dry
chill common
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5
Q

How does seasonal influenza infect the respiratory tract

A

Virus binds and enters respiratory epithilium
makes the host cells replicate the virus
leads to necrosis of respiratory tract

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6
Q

why is influenza a problem over other URTI?

A

It may spread to lower respiratory tract and create necrosis in the lungs. may lead to death

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7
Q

What is croup, clinical presentation, mechanism and management and progression?

A

Acute laryngotracheobronchitis,

Clinical - cold, fever, hoarseness, cyanosis, night barking

Pathogens - influenza, parainfluenza, respiratory sycytial virus

Mechanism - invade and destroy epithelial cell, acute inflammation trachea, reduce lumen airway, hypoxia

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8
Q

what is pneumonia and what are the different pathogens that cause it?

A

Inflammation of lung tissue.
Typical
- Streptococcus
- staphylococcus aureus

Atypical

  • legionella
  • viral pneumonia
  • mycoplasm pneumonia
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9
Q

What are the clinical features of pneumonia

A 
Fever
pain 
dry cough
headache 
myalgia
tachypnea 
Tachycardia 
Haemoptysis
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10
Q

What is tuberculosis and what mechanism is

responsible?

A

White lung lesion

pathogen: Mycobacterium tuberculosis

transmission by inhalation

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11
Q

What are the possible outcomes for tuberculosis?

A

lung tissue necrosis and caceus necrosis

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12
Q

What is the difference between Mantoux and Calmette Guerin?

A

Mantoux: Skin test to observe exposure to tuberculosis

1) has had vaccine
2) Previous exposure to pathogen
3) life virus
4) Negative - indicative for vaccination

Calmette Guerin: Vaccin to stimulate immunity to virus

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13
Q

What are the mechanisms responsible for infective rhinitis (common cold)?

A
  • Rhinovirus
  • Adenovirus
  • Echovirus
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14
Q

What is the mode of transmission for infective rhinitis?

A

Secretion in hand
coughing
sneezing

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15
Q

What is the mode of transmission for influenza?

A

Airbourne

  • Talking
  • coughing
  • sneezing
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16
Q

What is the pathology of infective rhinitis?

A 
UTI
Virus enters epithelium 
inflammation of vassal mucosa 
Rhinorhea and congestion 
spread to sinus, nasopharynx, tonsils and ears
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17
Q

What is whooping cough?

A

Bacterial infection with Bordetella pertussis

pathophys: Invade and paralyze macrophage

18
Q

What are the 3 stages of whooping cough?

A

Catarrhal - inflammation, lacrimation, cough
paroxysmal - change in cough
convalescent - cessation of symptoms 4-6 weeks later

19
Q

What is allergic asthma and its pathophysiology?

A

Chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways (airflow obstruction)

Exposure to allergen causes inflammatory response

1) inc. vascular permeability
2) Inc. mucus hypersecretion
3) Bronchoconstriction

20
Q

What are the different types of asthma?

A

Allergic asthma: Children - Dust mite, pollen, fur, wheat, fish, egg

Infectious asthma: CHildren - Respiratory syncytial virus, Influenza rhinovirus

Exercise-induced: High intensity exercise

Occupational asthma: exposure to allergic mediators, agriculture, pesticide, animal handlers

Drug-induced asthma: Aspirin NSAID beta blockers.

21
Q

What is chronic bronchitis and its pathophysiology?

A

chronic productive cough

Mucus hypersecretion
persistent inflammation of bronchioles
replacement of cilial cells with squamous cells

22
Q

What is emphysema pathophysiology?

A

Permanent distention of airspace distal to terminal bronchus

Pathophysiology

  • destruction of elastin in alveolar wall
  • destruction of elastase
  • prevent lung from neutralizing effect of elastase
23
Q

What are the causes of emphysema?

A

Smoking - bronchioles

Congenital abnormality - Alveolar ducts

24
Q

Clinical presentation of asthma

A 
wheezing 
dyspnea
chest pain
cough
tachypnea 
anxiety
25
Q

What is the clinical presentation of status asthmatics?

A 
Compensatory posture
inc. accessory mm. respiration
tachycardia 
sweating 
inability to speak

no response to meds
respiratory arrest
spontaneous pneumothorax
air trapping

26
Q

Asthma complications?

A

pneumothorax
status asthmatics
rupture of pleb

27
Q

What are the4 types of medications for asthma?

A

preventers
relievers
controllers
antibody therapy

28
Q

What are the causes of chronic bronchitis?

A

smoking

pollution

29
Q

what are the cinical features of chronic bronchitis?

A

Initial - Blue puffer - daily productive cough for < 3/12 for 2yr

  • Cyanotic
  • Overweight
  • pheripheral oedema
  • wheezing
  • ronchi

Long-term

  • pulmonary hypertension
  • Rt heart failure
  • Acute respiratory failure
  • death
30
Q

what are the cinical features of emphysima?

A

Pink - permanent enlargement and destruction of airspace

  • old
  • thin
  • quiet chest
  • sever dyspnea
31
Q

What is pneumothorax?

A

presence of air in pleural cavity

32
Q

what is the aetiology and pathophysiology of pneumothorax?

A

Primary spontaneous = young, thin, male, Inc pleural pressure.

Secondary spontaneous = asthma, emphysema, cyst fibrosis

traumatic open = stab wound or

traumatic close = rib fracture

33
Q

What is the clinical presentation of pneumothorax?

A 
HBP
Tachypnea (no O2) 
Decreased chest movement
no breath sound
cyanosis
tactile fremitus
34
Q

What are the different types of benign tumours in lungs?

A

Pulmonary Hamartoma: disorganized cartilage, adipose tissue, smooth mm. entrapped epithelium, asymptomatic

Pulmonary chondroma: cartilage tumour that appears in multiple sites.

35
Q

What evidence links smoking to bronchogenic carcinoma?

A

Lung cancer is doses related, the more you smoke the more you are likely to get a tumour.

there are clear carcinogenic mechanism: benzopyrene in smoke is gene 53 tumour protein

smoking leads to cellular change: metaplasia, carcinoma in situ, invasive cancer.

36
Q

Differentiate between “Non-small cell lung carcinomas” and “small cell lung carcinoma”

A

Non small cell carcinoma
85% of carcinoma
derived from epithilium

small cell carcinoma = 15% lung cancer
known as oat cell
they secrete substances

37
Q

What are the clinical features for bronchogenic carcinoma?

A

Compresion

  • Hornes syndrome
  • Swelling face
  • upper limb neuro

Obstruction

  • appearance or change in cough
  • Dyspnea
  • pericardial effusion

Invasion of blood cells

  • productive cough
  • blood in cough
38
Q

What are the mains points of spread and common sites of bronchogenic carcinomas?

A

Spread = blood, lymph, direct extension

Lung, liver, breast, kidney, bowel, cervix, skin

39
Q

What is haemothorax?

A

blood in cartilage clinical pleural cavity

40
Q

What is a tension pneumothorax?

A

when chest wound acts as a one-way valve and air gets trapped in pleural increasing pressure, displacement of the mediastinum and compressing lung. - leads to asphyxiation

SBO4 (9 decks)

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