Respiratory Pathology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the second leading cause of death from infectious diseases?

A

Tuberculosis, behind AIDS

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2
Q

How many lobes do the left and right lung have?

A

Right lung has 3 lobes, while the left lobe has 2

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3
Q

What lines the thoracic cavity?

A

Pleura, parietal pleura on the outermost, visceral pleura the innermost, with a pleural cavity separating them

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4
Q

The respiratory system contains defence mechanisms, name and explain some (8 on answer card)

A

Sneeze reflex - expels particles from the nose
Nasolacrimal reflex - chemical or mechanical stimulation of the nasal respiratory mucosa in increased lacrimal secretion
IgA among others - secreted into tissue plasma cells to bind and neutralise the antigen
Lactoferrin - lies underneath the mucosal layers, any bacteria that get through the mucous are inhibited from growing from it
Lysozyme - attacks peptidoglycans in the cell walls of gram-positive bacteria
Oligosaccharides - bind bacteria
Phagocytes - unleash oxygen species oxygenated compounds, kills them via hydrogen peroxide

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5
Q

What causes cystic fibrosis?

A

A deletion mutation in CFTR (Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance Regulator) at q31.2 locus of chromosome 7

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6
Q

What do mutations in CFTR cause that leads to cystic fibrosis?

A

affect the transfer of salts and chlorides in and out of the cells that line the organs of the respiratory, digestive and reproductive systems

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7
Q

How common is cystic fibrosis?

A

It is the most common autosomal recessive genetic disorder, 1:25 people are carriers of the gene

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8
Q

What symptoms does an individual with cystic fibrosis suffer from?

A

Unusually thick, sticky mucus that builds up and clogs the small airways and passages of the systems. As bacteria will get caught in this mucus, instead of being expelled in a normal individual it traps them leading to chronic infections

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9
Q

What is CLE?

A

Congenital lobular emphysema, which is an over-inflation of one or more lung lobes, usually due to a valve malfunction. It means that air can enter the lobe but not escape.

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10
Q

What are bronchogenic cysts?

A

Cysts that form around upper breastbone between collar bones, they are caused b y abnormal budding of the bronchial tree during embryogenesis

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11
Q

what is pulmonary hypoplasia?

A

A rare abnormality where entire lung fails to fully develop, usually seen as secondary pathology to other congenital disorders

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12
Q

What is Pierre-robin syndrome?

A

A group of developmental malformations such as micrognathia (small jaw) and glossoptosis (protruding as no room)

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13
Q

Describe bronchiectasis

A

It is a chronic necrotising infection that leads to the destruction of bronchial muscle and elastic tissue, causing irreversible bronchial dilation. It can be both acquired and congenital

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14
Q

During bronchiectasis, what happens to the affected airways?

A

They become inflamed, fibrotic and prone to collapse, creating obstructions

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15
Q

What is emphysema?

A

An abnormal permenant enlargement of alveoli distal to termianl bronchiole

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16
Q

What emphysema is most common?

A

Centriacinar emphysema, which occurs on the respiratory bronchiole

17
Q

What is panacinar emphysema?

A

An emphysema that occurs on the alveolar duct and alveolus. It is associated with a-1-antityrpsin deficiency

18
Q

What is asthma?

A

Chronic relapsing inflammation disorder, characterised by hyperactive airways leading to episodic, reversible bronchoconstriction

19
Q

What is the most common form of asthma?

A

Extrinsic and atopic asthma are both very common, with both being type 1 hypersensitivity reaction

20
Q

What is sarcoidosis?

A

An inflammation disease where the immune system goes into overdrive, causing cells to group together into granulomas. It can affect almost any organ in the body

21
Q

What is pneumoconiosis?

A

A group of diseases caused by the direct inhalation of a damaging stimulus