Renal pathology Flashcards
The renal system is split into two parts, upper and lower, what do each of them do?
Upper is responsible for elimination, lower is responsible for excretion
What is special about transitional epithelium?
They can withstand the osmotic stress of contact with urine and expand with the bladder
The lower renal system disorders split into two categories, what are they?
Infection and obstruction
What are the most common UTIs?
E.coli (80-85%) and staph saprophyticus (5-10%)
Why are women more prone to UTIs?
Their urethra is shorter and closer to the anus
What is the most common cause of an obstruction?
Calculi formation
How are calculi classified, and what are they usually made of?
They are classified by location. Most commonly made up of calcium oxalate or phosphate
What effect can calculi have on epithelium cells?
They can cause stress on the cells causing them to change to squamous and be less specialised
If calculi are not dealt with, following the effect they have on epithelium cells, what can it eventually lead to?
Carcinoma, mostly occur in the bladder
What is exstrophy?
Part of the urinary bladder is present outside of the body. It is rare and occurs due to failure of the abdominal wall closing during development
Upper UT diseases can be divided into two categories, nephritic and nephrotic, explain them.
Nephritic is a disturbance in the glomerular structure while nephrotic is a reduction in the selectivity of epithelium barriers in the glomerulus
What are signs of nephrotic and nephritic diseases?
Signs of nephritic include oliguria, uraemia, usually due to reduced blood flow to the glomerulus. A typical sign of nephrotic disease is protein present in the blood such as albumin
What are the 4 main glomerulus components?
Endothelium cells, podocytes, basement membrane and mesangium
What are the 5 main responses to damage in the glomerulus?
Proliferation of the endothelium cells, proliferation of the mesangial cells, basement membrane thickening, capillary wall necrosis and crescent formation
What are the 4 glomerulus disease patterns?
Global, focal, diffuse and segmental
